Pure Lithium Secures $300mn EXIM Support for US-Based Lithium Metal Battery Facility

Pure Lithium Corporation

Pure Lithium has received a $300 million Letter of Interest (LOI) from the Export-Import Bank of the United States (EXIM) to support its planned industrial-scale lithium metal battery plant. If approved, the Pure Lithium EXIM loan would fall under EXIM’s “Make More in America” initiative aimed at rebuilding domestic manufacturing capacity and securing supply chains in strategic sectors like energy storage.

The proposed facility will use Pure Lithium’s proprietary “Brine to Battery” process, which directly converts brine into lithium metal anodes—eliminating graphite, cobalt, nickel, and manganese. This vertically integrated method enables a fully US-based battery supply chain, from raw material extraction to cell production. CEO Emilie Bodoin emphasized the project's potential to reshape global lithium battery sourcing models.

Disruptive Battery Chemistry Supports Strategic US Objectives

The Pure Lithium EXIM loan could accelerate commercialization of lithium metal vanadium oxide batteries, which offer higher energy density without relying on traditional cathode materials. This technology positions Pure Lithium at the forefront of post-Li-ion battery innovation, directly supporting the U.S. push for clean tech self-reliance.

Pure Lithium’s partnerships reinforce its vertically integrated vision. It sources lithium concentrate from E3 Lithium in Alberta, Canada, and collaborates with Saint-Gobain Ceramics to engineer water-blocking lithium-selective membranes—a key component in its novel extraction process.

EXIM Financing to Boost US Battery Supply Chain Resilience

EXIM’s Make More in America strategy supports projects that improve domestic industrial competitiveness in sectors facing global strategic risk. The Pure Lithium EXIM loan would directly address U.S. concerns over dependence on foreign-dominated battery material supply chains, especially China.

If finalized, the funding will catalyze Pure Lithium’s ability to scale manufacturing within U.S. borders while lowering barriers for next-generation battery adoption. This aligns with U.S. energy security goals and rising demand for alternative battery chemistries in defense, mobility, and grid storage sectors.

The Metalnomist Commentary

The Pure Lithium EXIM loan represents a critical step in reshoring advanced battery manufacturing. As supply chain risks intensify and lithium metal demand grows, projects that fuse innovation with domestic sourcing will shape the next era of U.S. battery independence.

E3 Lithium and Pure Lithium Collaborate to Revolutionize Lithium Metal Battery Production

E3 Lithium

Canadian lithium developer E3 Lithium and innovative battery manufacturer Pure Lithium have signed an agreement to push the boundaries of lithium metal battery production. The two companies will design a lithium metal anode and battery pilot plant near Calgary, Alberta, leveraging lithium concentrate produced by E3.

Simplifying Lithium Battery Production

The partnership aims to evaluate the technical and economic feasibility of a full-scale lithium metal battery facility located adjacent to lithium production sites in Alberta. By merging Pure Lithium’s brine-to-battery technology with E3’s lithium brines and concentrate production, the collaboration seeks to eliminate the need for a lithium salt intermediary, streamlining the battery production process.

The companies have been working together since mid-2022, achieving a major milestone when Pure Lithium produced a lithium metal battery using E3’s lithium concentrate.

A Vision for Vertical Integration

Once the pilot project is complete, the facility is expected to produce 200kg of lithium metal anodes for lithium metal vanadium rechargeable batteries. If successful, this collaboration could lead to the development of the world’s first vertically integrated lithium metal battery technology, a groundbreaking achievement in the energy storage sector.

Driving Innovation in Alberta

This partnership could position Alberta as a hub for sustainable lithium battery production, with implications for the global battery market. As demand for high-performance batteries rises, this innovative approach could significantly impact the future of energy storage solutions.

E3 Lithium and Pure Lithium Join Forces to Revolutionize Battery Production in Canada

In a move set to redefine the landscape of battery manufacturing, Canadian lithium developer E3 Lithium has entered into a collaboration with battery manufacturer Pure Lithium. The two companies have signed an agreement to advance the design and development of a cutting-edge lithium metal anode and battery pilot plant in Canada.

This new facility, to be located near Calgary, Alberta, will leverage lithium concentrate produced by E3 Lithium, utilizing it in the creation of a lithium metal anode—a critical component for next-generation batteries. The partnership aims to explore the technical and economic feasibility of establishing a commercial-scale lithium metal battery facility in proximity to Alberta's rich lithium production sites.

By integrating Pure Lithium's innovative brine-to-battery technology with E3’s established lithium brines and concentrate production, the collaboration seeks to streamline the battery production process by eliminating the need for a lithium salt intermediary. This simplification could lead to more efficient and cost-effective battery manufacturing.

E3 Lithium and Pure Lithium have been collaborating since mid-2022, during which time Pure Lithium successfully produced a lithium metal battery using E3’s lithium concentrate. The upcoming pilot project will be a significant step towards commercial production, with plans to potentially scale up to produce 200kg of lithium metal anodes for advanced lithium metal vanadium rechargeable batteries.

If the pilot proves successful, the companies intend to pursue the development of the world’s first vertically integrated lithium metal battery technology, setting a new standard in the global battery industry.

US Tariffs Could Boost Argentina’s Lithium Salts Production

Argentina Lithium

New Tariff Policies May Propel Argentina to the Forefront of Battery Materials Supply

US President Donald Trump’s new tariff measures, announced this week, could significantly impact the global lithium market. While many energy and mineral products, including lithium carbonate and lithium hydroxide, are exempt from new tariffs, the shift towards more localized battery production in the US could create new opportunities for Argentina's lithium sector. Argentina, with its lower-cost brine assets, could become a key player in the production of battery-grade lithium salts.

Shift in Global Battery Manufacturing and Tariffs Impact

Trump's recent tariff policy introduced significant duties on completed batteries from China, Japan, and South Korea. These duties are likely to accelerate the trend of localizing battery production in the US. Under the Inflation Reduction Act of former President Joe Biden’s administration, the US has already seen a shift toward local manufacturing, with major battery manufacturers like Panasonic, Samsung SDI, Ford, and Toyota planning to open around 10 new battery factories this year.

However, with a lack of domestic mining and processing capacity in the US, the country will increasingly rely on imports for raw materials to meet the demand for battery production. The US currently has only one operating lithium mine, Albemarle's Silver Peak mine in Nevada. Despite producing lithium carbonate and hydroxide, this mine cannot meet the higher purity standards required for battery-grade products needed in electric vehicles (EVs).

Argentina’s Competitive Edge in Lithium Salts Production

Argentina stands out due to its potential to produce high-quality, cost-competitive lithium salts. Brine operations in Argentina are expected to be more efficient and less costly than other South American and spodumene-producing countries. Although brine facilities require higher initial capital costs, their ongoing operational costs are lower than spodumene-based assets, making them an attractive option for global supply chains.

Argentina’s competitive advantage is further strengthened by its 3% royalty tax on lithium mining, compared to the 40% ceiling in Chile, which has a more developed lithium industry. Despite facing a 10% import tariff by the US, Argentina is well-positioned to expand its lithium production to meet the growing demand from battery factories in the US. According to Argentina’s Vice Minister of Energy and Mining, Daniel Gonzalez, "All of Argentina's lithium projects go to battery grade," signaling the country's commitment to producing high-purity lithium products.

While countries like Australia, Brazil, and some African nations rely on China for lithium processing, Argentina's direct production of battery-grade lithium offers it a strategic advantage in the global market.

Global Lithium-Ion Battery Shipments Surge in 2024, Driven by EV and Energy Storage Demand

Lithium-Ion Battery

Global shipments of lithium-ion batteries experienced a significant surge in 2024, fueled by robust growth in both the electric vehicle (EV) and energy storage sectors, according to data from Chinese research institution EV Tank.  This surge is projected to continue its upward trajectory through 2030, marking a promising period for the lithium and battery metals markets.

EV Battery Market Driven by China, Despite Global Economic Headwinds

In 2024, global EV power battery shipments reached an impressive 1,051GWh, representing a 22% year-on-year increase.  This growth was primarily propelled by the continued strength of China's EV market.  Government incentives, such as old vehicle trade-in subsidies, provided a significant boost, offsetting a slowdown observed in European and US markets due to weakened economic conditions and rising inflation.  This highlights the critical role of government policy in supporting the EV sector.

Energy Storage Battery Shipments See Explosive Growth

The energy storage battery segment also witnessed remarkable expansion, with global shipments soaring by 65% to 370GWh.  This surge can be attributed to several factors, including China's government-led initiatives promoting energy storage systems for wind and solar power generation, declining manufacturing costs, and strong demand in the US, partly driven by the investment tax credit.  Furthermore, growing GWh-level orders from emerging markets like the UK, Saudi Arabia, and Australia contributed to the overall growth.

China Dominates Lithium-Ion Battery Production

Overall, global lithium-ion battery shipments increased by 29% year-on-year to 1,545GWh in 2024.  China played a dominant role, accounting for 79% of the total, with shipments reaching 1,215GWh, a substantial 37% increase.  The sustained demand growth within China, coupled with the country's substantial investments in overseas production capacity, has solidified its position as a leading force in the global lithium-ion battery market.

Sodium-Ion Battery Adoption Slower Than Expected

While lithium-ion batteries continue to dominate, the adoption of sodium-ion batteries has been slower than initially anticipated.  EV Tank estimates China's sodium-ion battery shipments to have more than doubled to 2GWh in 2024 from 0.7GWh in 2023. However, this figure falls short of earlier projections of 3GWh per year. The primary reason for this slower uptake is the higher manufacturing costs associated with sodium-ion batteries compared to ternary and lithium iron phosphate (LFP) lithium-ion batteries, as well as lead-acid batteries.  Currently, the average manufacturing cost for lithium-ion batteries stands at 0.50 yuan/Wh as of June 2024, significantly lower than the 0.60 yuan/Wh for sodium-ion batteries, according to EV Tank.  This cost differential presents a significant challenge for the widespread adoption of sodium-ion technology.

Future Outlook: Continued Growth Projected

EV Tank forecasts continued growth in global lithium-ion battery shipments, projecting a rise to 1,899GWh in 2025 and an even more significant jump to 5,127GWh by 2030.  This optimistic outlook underscores the increasing demand for batteries across various applications, driven by the ongoing transition to electric mobility and the growing importance of energy storage solutions. The declining lithium carbonate feedstock prices, caused by supply expansions, have helped reduce manufacturing costs for lithium-ion batteries, further supporting market growth.

Pure Lithium Partners with Saint-Gobain to Accelerate Lithium-Metal Battery Membranes

Saint-Gobain

Strategic Collaboration Aims to Advance Next-Generation Battery Technology

US-based battery innovator Pure Lithium has partnered with Saint-Gobain Ceramics to accelerate the production of lithium-metal battery membranes. This collaboration leverages Saint-Gobain’s advanced manufacturing capabilities to commercialize cutting-edge battery separator membranes, a crucial component in next-generation lithium-metal batteries.

Boosting Lithium-Metal Anode Development

Pure Lithium will use Saint-Gobain’s production capacity and R&D expertise to scale up its membrane technology. These membranes enable the electrodeposition of lithium onto substrates to form high-performance lithium-metal anodes or function as separators within battery cells. This advancement aims to enhance energy density and battery efficiency, meeting the increasing demand for high-performance energy storage solutions.

Collaboration with E3 Lithium on Lithium-Vanadium Batteries

As part of its expansion strategy, Pure Lithium is developing a lithium-metal anode in partnership with Canadian lithium developer E3 Lithium. This initiative aligns with the company’s vision to introduce lithium metal-vanadium batteries, incorporating vanadium-based cathode materials to improve battery longevity and stability.

Paving the Way for Next-Generation Energy Storage

The partnership with Saint-Gobain Ceramics and collaboration with E3 Lithium position Pure Lithium as a key player in the future of lithium-metal battery technology. These efforts support the transition towards higher-performance energy storage for EVs, grid storage, and portable electronics.

China's Lithium Tech Export Curbs Threaten EU Battery Industry

China's Lithium Battery

Key Technology Export Controls Put European Battery Industry on Edge

China's proposed restrictions on exporting key lithium processing technologies are sending shockwaves through the European Union's (EU) burgeoning battery industry. The proposed curbs target crucial equipment used in lithium extraction and battery material production, including lithium-iron-phosphate (LFP) battery production equipment, cathode preparation technology, and direct-lithium-extraction (DLE) technology, particularly from spodumene and brines. A consultation period is open until February 1st, after which a final decision will be made.

Europe's Reliance on Chinese Technology Raises Concerns About Supply Chain Security

Industry experts warn the impact could be significant, especially for junior European lithium producers heavily reliant on Chinese technology. Companies like Northvolt, which recently announced job cuts and scaled back ambitions, highlight the vulnerability of the EU's current strategy. The restrictions could hinder the development of a robust, independent European battery supply chain.

Companies with In-House Technology See Opportunity Amidst Crisis

However, some companies are better positioned to weather the storm. Vulcan Energy Resources, an Australian company with operations in Europe, claims to have developed in-house absorption-type DLE technology, securing its supply chain and potentially offering solutions to other European players. Vulcan Energy Resources' executive chair, Francis Wedin, emphasized the strategic advantage of their technology, particularly given Goldman Sachs's preference for brine-based lithium extraction due to lower production costs.

European Lithium Market Faces Uncertainty and Calls for Action

Other voices in the European lithium market paint a more concerning picture. Viridian Lithium's chief commercial officer, Luc Pez, warned of potentially "extremely disruptive" consequences for the nascent ex-China battery supply chain. Pez criticized the lack of preparedness in Europe and the US, urging for accelerated reshoring of the battery supply chain and addressing regulatory inconsistencies within the EU. He highlighted the urgent need for Europe to establish concrete plans and achieve its targets in the face of increasing competition from China in the electric vehicle market.

The Future of European Electric Vehicle Market Hangs in the Balance

China's proposed export restrictions underscore the geopolitical complexities of the lithium market and the challenges facing Europe's ambitions in the electric vehicle sector. The move could significantly impact the development of the European electric vehicle market, as the EU aims to reduce its reliance on China for battery supply.

China’s Lithium-Ion Battery Output Jumps 24% in 2024 on EV and Storage Demand

China’s Lithium-Ion Battery

Lithium Carbonate Leads Growth Amid LFP Battery Expansion

China's lithium-ion battery production surged by 24% in 2024, driven by rising demand from electric vehicles (EVs) and battery energy storage systems (BESS). Output reached 1,170 GWh, up from 943 GWh in 2023, according to the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT).

Segment-wise, EV battery production hit 826 GWh, while BESS batteries totaled 260 GWh, and consumer electronics added 84 GWh. The combined installed capacity for EVs and BESS rose to 645 GWh, marking a 48% year-on-year increase.

This significant expansion highlights China's continuing dominance in battery manufacturing and its strategic push into renewable energy infrastructure.

Lithium Carbonate Sees Strongest Production Growth

Battery-grade lithium carbonate production reached 670,000 metric tonnes in 2024, reflecting a 45% increase from 2023. Lithium hydroxide output grew to 360,000 tonnes, a 26% gain year-on-year, according to MIIT data.

Lithium carbonate’s growth outpaced lithium hydroxide due to increased adoption of Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) batteries. LFP technology, now widely used in EVs and BESS, primarily relies on lithium carbonate, rather than lithium hydroxide.

This shift reflects changing chemistry preferences among automakers and grid-scale storage developers, prioritizing cost, safety, and cycle life. As battery technologies evolve, the metals supply chain must adapt to meet diversified material demands.

For more updates on battery metals, energy storage trends, and lithium market forecasts, follow The Metalnomist.

US Tariffs May Spur Argentina Lithium Salts Production

US Tariffs

Tariff Exemptions Favor Lithium Raw Materials, Not Finished Batteries

The US has exempted lithium carbonate and lithium hydroxide from its newly announced tariffs, creating a possible boon for Argentina's lithium sector. While raw lithium salts escape extra duties, finished battery imports face steep tariffs: 64.9% for China, 24% for Japan, and 25% for South Korea.

This disparity aligns with US efforts to localize battery manufacturing, a movement accelerated by the Inflation Reduction Act under President Biden. With at least 10 new battery factories coming online in the US this year, the demand for lithium raw materials is surging.

Argentina’s Brine Lithium May Fill the US Supply Gap

The US faces a bottleneck in domestic lithium production and processing. Currently, Albemarle’s Silver Peak mine is the only active operation, producing just 5,000t/yr of technical-grade lithium carbonate, which lacks the purity needed for EV batteries.

As a result, the US will increasingly depend on lithium imports, especially battery-grade salts. Argentina, with its low-cost brine operations, may become a preferred supplier if its projects can consistently meet battery-grade specifications.

Brine operations, while slower to ramp up than hard-rock mining, are cheaper to operate and typically more cost-competitive over time. Argentina also offers a low 3% royalty tax, compared to Chile's 40% ceiling, enhancing its competitiveness.

Global Lithium Supply Chains May Shift Toward South America

Countries like Australia and Brazil, which mine spodumene, rely heavily on China for conversion, placing them in a higher tariff category. These spodumene-dependent nations now face at least 20% US tariffs due to their reliance on Chinese refining infrastructure.

Meanwhile, Argentina’s direct-to-battery-grade production strategy may give it an edge.

“All of Argentina’s lithium projects go to battery grade,” said Daniel Gonzalez, Argentina’s vice-minister of energy and mining.

If Argentina proves its capability at scale, the country could secure a dominant role in North America's clean energy transition, especially as the US reorients trade relationships in critical minerals.

The Metalnomist Commentary

With tariffs redrawing global battery supply lines, Argentina’s brine-based lithium sector is now a strategic wildcard. If proven at scale, it could shift market share away from spodumene producers tied to China—and bring Latin America deeper into the heart of US industrial planning.

Aqua Metals to Double Battery-Grade Lithium Carbonate Production in Ambitious Expansion

Aqua Metals

US Battery Recycler Targets Significant Growth in Lithium Supply Amid Rising EV Demand

Aqua Metals, a leading US battery recycler, has announced plans to more than double its production of battery-grade lithium carbonate. This strategic move reflects the company's effort to meet the increasing demand for critical materials used in electric vehicle (EV) batteries and energy storage systems.

Aqua Metals will prioritize the production of battery-grade lithium carbonate, with a mixed hydroxide precipitate (MHP) — a solution containing nickel, cobalt, copper, and manganese — making up the remaining portion of its output. This decision aligns with the growing importance of lithium as a key component in the global transition to electric mobility and renewable energy storage.

Expansion of Lithium Carbonate Production

Although Aqua Metals did not disclose the exact volume of the increase, the company's 2023 annual report outlined a Phase One processing capacity of 3,000 metric tonnes per year (t/yr) of lithium battery black mass, with a total processing capacity of 10,000 t/yr. This expansion will significantly contribute to the lithium supply chain, supporting the growing demand from EV manufacturers and energy storage providers.

The company is currently in discussions with feedstock suppliers and customers to ensure the success of this accelerated expansion. By securing reliable sources of materials and forming strategic partnerships, Aqua Metals aims to position itself as a key player in the growing lithium recycling market.

Positioning for the Future of Lithium Recycling

Aqua Metals’ aggressive expansion of lithium carbonate production comes at a time when the global market for lithium is under significant pressure due to the surge in demand for EVs. As part of its efforts, the company is focusing on sustainable recycling practices, utilizing innovative methods to recover lithium from used batteries.

In conclusion, Aqua Metals is positioning itself to meet the future needs of the battery industry. Its commitment to increasing production capacity and securing key partnerships demonstrates its role in advancing the circular economy for lithium and other critical metals.

Lithium Energy Secures Approval for Solaroz Lithium Brine Project

Solaroz

Green Light for Development of Argentina’s Solaroz Lithium Concessions with CNGR's Partnership

Lithium Energy, an Australian battery minerals company, has successfully secured regulatory approval for its Solaroz lithium brine project in Argentina. This marks a crucial step forward in the company’s strategic plans, including advancing its sales agreement with China's leading battery materials producer, CNGR.

A Major Milestone for the Solaroz Project

The approval, granted through the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), allows Lithium Energy and CNGR to jointly explore and develop all of the Solaroz lithium brine concessions. CNGR will be responsible for funding local operations as well as future development phases. This collaboration sets the stage for the project’s growth, as it moves closer to fulfilling its potential to supply lithium for the growing electric vehicle (EV) and battery industries.

In April 2024, CNGR agreed to purchase 90% of the Solaroz project for $63 million, highlighting the importance of the deal for both parties. Lithium Energy shares the lithium rights in the Olaroz Salar basin with Arcadium Lithium, with the project subject to an acquisition by Rio Tinto and Lithium Argentina.

Advancing Lithium Production with Direct Lithium Extraction Technology

To maximize the value of the Solaroz project, Lithium Energy is also exploring innovative Direct Lithium Extraction (DLE) technology. The company has partnered with China’s Xi’an Lanshen, a specialty resin producer, to develop this technology. Lanshen will also build a battery-grade lithium plant onsite with a capacity of 3,000 metric tonnes per year of lithium carbonate. This move aligns with global trends to streamline lithium production and ensure the sustainability of the critical material needed for the EV sector.

With the approval in place and a solid partnership with CNGR, Lithium Energy is poised to contribute to the global lithium supply chain and meet the rising demand for battery materials.

Volkswagen Secures Long-Term Lithium Supply with Patriot Battery Metals

Patriot Battery Metals

Volkswagen, through its battery subsidiary PowerCo, has sealed a decade-long offtake agreement with Patriot Battery Metals, a Canadian lithium explorer, to source 100,000 metric tonnes per year (t/yr) of spodumene concentrate (SC). This deal is a strategic move to secure critical lithium resources as Volkswagen continues to expand its electric vehicle (EV) and battery production globally.

Patriot’s Shaakichiuwaanaan Asset Powers the Deal

The spodumene concentrate will be supplied from Patriot's Shaakichiuwaanaan Mineral Resources in Quebec, Canada. Notably, this resource is the largest lithium pegmatite deposit in the Americas and the eighth-largest globally, making it a vital supply chain asset for lithium-ion battery production. The concentrate will have a target grade of 5.5% lithium oxide, ideal for battery applications.

PowerCo plans to use the raw materials to fuel its gigafactories in Europe and North America, including its St. Thomas, Canada facility, which is set to be its largest cell factory, boasting a production capacity of up to 90 GWh per year.

Volkswagen Invests in Patriot and Future Lithium Conversion

As part of the partnership, Volkswagen has invested $48 million for a 9.9% stake in Patriot Battery Metals, signaling its commitment to long-term lithium sourcing. The deal also hints at future collaborations, including the potential development of a lithium conversion facility to ensure supply chain resilience and further vertical integration.

Volkswagen’s EV Push Faces Challenges

Volkswagen has delivered 506,500 battery electric vehicles (BEVs) globally from January to September 2024, a 4.7% decline year on year. Despite overall growth in North America, BEV deliveries in the US fell by 26%, reflecting competitive challenges in the region.

In Europe, Volkswagen remains dominant with a 19% market share in the BEV segment, reaffirming its stronghold. To bolster its EV ecosystem, the German automaker also formed a $5.8 billion joint venture with Rivian in November 2024 to advance software and electronics architectures for scalable EV platforms.

Strategic Significance

This agreement underscores the importance of securing stable, long-term access to critical minerals like lithium as automakers ramp up EV production. It also highlights Canada’s growing role as a key player in the global battery supply chain, thanks to its abundant natural resources and strategic partnerships with major manufacturers like Volkswagen.

ABTC Accelerates Tonopah Flats Lithium Project to Boost US Battery Supply Chain

American Battery Technology Company(ABTC)

Advancing Lithium Resource Development in Nevada

American Battery Technology Company (ABTC) has launched a drill program to advance its Tonopah Flats Lithium Project (TFLP) in Big Smoky Valley, Nevada. The project holds an estimated 21.2 million metric tonnes of economically accessible lithium carbonate equivalent, positioning it as a key domestic lithium resource for the US battery industry.

The drilling initiative will support the prefeasibility study, providing geotechnical data to define the mine pit structure. Additionally, core samples will be collected for assay and characterization, further refining the lithium resource estimate. This program aims to expand TFLP's overall lithium potential, reinforcing its role in the North American EV supply chain.

On-Site Lithium Hydroxide Refinery to Lower Production Costs

ABTC plans to construct a lithium hydroxide refinery directly at the TFLP site, targeting a 30,000 t/yr production capacity. The company's production cost for battery-grade lithium hydroxide is projected at $4,302 per tonne, offering a cost-effective supply solution for electric vehicle (EV) and energy storage manufacturers.

With the US government prioritizing domestic lithium production, the TFLP project aligns with federal efforts to reduce reliance on foreign lithium imports. By accelerating development, ABTC strengthens Nevada’s position as a critical hub for battery minerals processing in the United States.

As lithium demand surges, ABTC's strategy to integrate mining and refining at Tonopah Flats could set a benchmark for sustainable lithium production while ensuring a stable supply chain for US battery manufacturers.

Huachuang and Cornex Ink Major Lithium-Ion Battery Copper Foil Deal

Copper Foil

Huachuang New Material and Cornex have signed a strategic lithium-ion battery copper foil deal, securing 150,000t of supply over five years. The agreement, finalized on April 27, underlines the accelerating demand for copper foil in China's booming battery and new energy vehicle (NEV) industries. Huachuang, a subsidiary of Huayou Group, will fulfill the order from its three major production bases across China.

Copper Foil Supply Grows with NEV Expansion

China’s lithium-ion battery copper foil deal volume reflects its growing production capacity. The country’s total refined copper foil capacity hit 2.24mn t/yr in 2024, with 1.4mn t/yr dedicated to lithium-ion battery production. Rising NEV output and energy storage battery installations are driving this surge. From January to March 2025, NEV production reached 3.182mn units, a 50% increase year over year.

Cornex Ramps Up as Demand Accelerates

Cornex, though holding just 0.54% of China’s battery installations, is expanding its market role through this copper foil partnership. The deal positions the firm to meet future EV battery demand, where a single vehicle requires up to 38kg of copper foil. Meanwhile, China's total lithium-ion battery copper foil shipments are projected to reach 1.1mn t/yr in 2025.

The Metalnomist Commentary

This lithium-ion battery copper foil deal signals sustained growth in China’s battery supply chain. With copper foil emerging as a critical input, strategic partnerships like Huachuang and Cornex’s will shape regional and global battery material markets in 2025 and beyond.

Patriot Battery Becomes Major Shareholder in Loyal Lithium Following Hidden Lake Deal

Patriot Battery Metals

Strategic Shift Consolidates Canadian Lithium Assets Amid Volkswagen Offtake Agreement

Loyal Lithium has acquired full ownership of the Hidden Lake Lithium Project by absorbing its joint venture partner, Patriot Battery Metals, as a key shareholder. The project, previously split 60/40 between Loyal Lithium and Patriot, is now fully controlled by Loyal following a share-based transaction.

The Hidden Lake Project is located in the Yellowknife Lithium Belt in Canada's Northwest Territories, a region rich in spodumene-bearing lithium dykes. By consolidating ownership, Loyal Lithium strengthens its strategic position in North America's growing lithium supply chain.

Patriot's New Role and the Volkswagen Deal

In exchange for its 40% stake, Patriot Battery Metals received shares in Loyal Lithium, becoming a significant equity holder. This move aligns with Patriot's broader growth strategy, including its 10-year offtake agreement signed in December 2024 with Volkswagen. The deal secures the supply of 100,000 metric tonnes of spodumene concentrate annually, underscoring the increasing demand for battery-grade lithium.

This partnership enhances Patriot’s downstream reach while giving Loyal Lithium operational control over a key asset.

Loyal Expands Lithium Footprint Across North America

Beyond Hidden Lake, Loyal Lithium is advancing three additional lithium projects in Canada and the United States. Notably, its Brisk Project in Quebec's James Bay Lithium District is strategically located along the same geological trend as Patriot’s Shaakichiuwaanaan Project. This regional proximity may present further collaborative opportunities between the two companies.

As demand for lithium continues to surge, Loyal and Patriot’s repositioning reflects a growing trend of consolidation and strategic realignment within the lithium exploration sector.

Lithium Prices to Bottom Out in 2025 as Supply Growth Slows

Lithium

Lithium Prices Decline Sharply from 2022 Highs

The global lithium market is set for a critical shift in 2025 as price declines trigger supply reductions and stronger demand emerges. Market analysts predict that lithium prices will bottom out in 2025, driven by slower supply growth and recovering downstream sectors.

As of January 20, 2024, Chinese domestic prices for 99.5% grade lithium carbonate—a key raw material for electric vehicle (EV) batteries—were assessed at ¥77,500–78,500 per ton ($10,594–10,731 per ton) ex-works. This represents an 86% drop from the all-time high of ¥561,000–576,000 per ton in November 2022. The sustained price downturn has already forced some lithium producers to cut or halt production. Analysts forecast that Chinese lithium carbonate prices will stabilize between ¥70,000–100,000 per ton by the end of 2025 if supply constraints persist.

Strengthening Demand to Support Lithium Prices

Despite the recent price slump, global lithium demand is expected to grow significantly across multiple industries in 2024 and beyond. China, the world’s largest battery producer, reported a 42% increase in newly installed power battery volumes, reaching 548.4 GWh in 2024. Notably, lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries dominated the sector, accounting for 74.6% of total production.

China's LFP battery material production also surged, reaching 2.3 million tons in 2024, marking a 53% year-on-year increase. Industry participants expect output to expand further to 3–3.5 million tons in 2025, reinforcing China’s dominant role in the global lithium-ion battery supply chain.

EV and AI Growth to Drive Lithium Consumption

The electric vehicle (EV) market remains a key catalyst for lithium demand. China’s new energy vehicle (NEV) sales are projected to exceed 16 million units by 2025, fueled by continued government incentives and policy support.

Beyond EVs, the consumer electronics sector is also contributing to rising lithium demand. Global smartphone shipments increased by 6.4% to 1.24 billion units in 2024, according to market research firm International Data Corporation (IDC). IDC forecasts that smartphone sales will maintain an upward trajectory in 2025, particularly as artificial intelligence (AI) smartphone shipments surged to 170 million units in 2024, more than double the previous year’s total.

Outlook: Market Balancing Expected in 2025

While lithium prices have declined significantly since late 2022, supply-side contractions and robust demand growth across EVs, battery storage, and AI-driven devices will likely stabilize the market. Analysts anticipate a price floor in 2025, marking a potential recovery phase for lithium producers and investors.

CALB Expands Lithium Battery Capacity at Sichuan Chengdu Plant

CALB

CALB Invests $1.65 Billion in Phase 2 Chengdu Battery Expansion

China Aviation LB (CALB) has launched a major expansion of its Chengdu lithium battery facility in Sichuan province. The company began construction of a new 30 GWh energy storage and power battery plant on March 25. CALB is investing 12 billion yuan ($1.65 billion) in the project, aiming to begin operations by the second half of 2026. This expansion builds on a 20 GWh facility completed in 2022, reinforcing CALB’s growing role in China’s battery market.

CALB Strengthens Market Position Among China’s Top Battery Makers

CALB currently ranks as China's third-largest power battery supplier, trailing only CATL and BYD in total installed volumes. In January–February, CALB accounted for 5.6% of China’s 73.6 GWh total installed power batteries, with 4.1 GWh deployed. Its clients include major automakers such as Guangzhou Automobile, Xpeng, Geely, and Mercedes-Benz’s Smart brand. Meanwhile, leading players CATL and BYD achieved 33.7 GWh and 17.1 GWh, making up 45.8% and 23.2% of the market.

The Metalnomist Commentary

CALB’s latest investment reflects intense competition among Chinese battery giants to scale up capacity amid global EV growth. The Chengdu plant not only adds strategic value in western China but also signals CALB’s ambitions beyond the domestic market. In a tightening race, production speed and gigawatt-hour output are becoming as critical as technological innovation.

Mazda to Establish 10GWh Lithium Battery Pack Plant in Japan

Mazda lithium battery

Mazda Motor has announced plans to construct a new lithium battery module pack plant in Yamaguchi, Japan. The facility will have an annual production capacity of 10GWh and will produce modules and packs for automotive cylindrical lithium-ion battery cells. These cells will be supplied by Panasonic Energy, a Japanese battery manufacturer.

Supporting Mazda's EV Platform

The battery packs produced at the new plant will be installed in Mazda's battery electric vehicles (BEVs) built on a dedicated EV platform and manufactured at Mazda's vehicle plant, also located in Japan. 

This move follows a partnership agreement established between Mazda and Panasonic in September 2024 for the supply of batteries for Mazda's upcoming BEVs, which are set to launch in 2027.  Their joint initiative, aimed at expanding battery production and advancing technology development, has received approval from Japan's Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI).

Surge Battery Metals Targets 86,000 t/yr LCE from Nevada Lithium Project

Surge Battery Metals

Nevada North Lithium Project’s Scale and Cost Outlook

Surge Battery Metals announced that its planned Nevada North Lithium Project (NNLP) could produce 86,000 tonnes per year of lithium carbonate equivalent (LCE). The integrated operation will combine mining and processing at a site northeast of Wells, Nevada. The study, released on 9 June, projects a 42-year mine life and an operating cost of $5,097 per tonne, placing it among the relatively low-cost lithium projects.

The company intends to establish an on-site processing facility that will use sulfuric acid leaching to produce high-purity lithium carbonate. This output will be further refined into battery-grade LCE, enhancing its appeal for electric vehicle and energy storage applications.

Market Assumptions and Development Timeline

Surge’s project economics are based on an assumed LCE selling price of $24,000 per tonne. The study outlines a 6.5-year development period from early works to full commissioning, structured into two phases. While the company has not disclosed a firm start date for operations, the long mine life and integrated design highlight its potential role in the U.S. lithium supply chain.

The Nevada project comes at a time when North America is prioritizing domestic lithium production to reduce reliance on imports and support clean energy policies. With its projected scale, NNLP could contribute significantly to meeting future EV battery demand.

The Metalnomist Commentary

Surge Battery Metals’ Nevada project underscores the growing race to secure low-cost lithium production in North America. While timelines remain uncertain, the projected scale and economics suggest strong potential. Success will depend on financing, permitting, and the stability of long-term lithium pricing.

ACE Green Recycling to Expand LFP Battery Recycling Capacity in India

ACE Green Recycling

ACE Green Recycling, a US-based battery recycling company, has announced plans to significantly expand its lithium-iron-phosphate (LFP) battery recycling capacity in India. The company aims to increase its recycling capacity to 10,000 tonnes per year by 2026.

Expansion Details and Location

The expanded facility will be located near the port of Mundra in northwest India, building upon ACE's existing operations in the country. The strategic location near the port is expected to optimize the transportation of both feedstock and offtake products, improving efficiency and reducing costs.

Technology and Recovery Rates

ACE Green Recycling claims its proprietary technology can recover lithium from LFP batteries at levels of around 75%, producing lithium carbonate with a purity exceeding 99%.  In addition to lithium, the technology can also recover other valuable materials, including graphite, iron phosphate, steel, and copper. This comprehensive recovery process maximizes resource utilization and minimizes waste.

Market Outlook and Future Plans

ACE's chief executive officer, Nishchay Chadha, highlighted the expected dominance of LFP batteries in the lithium battery market by 2030, stating that the company is strategically scaling its LFP battery recycling capacity to meet the anticipated demand and support its growing customer base.  This expansion in India is a key part of ACE's broader growth strategy.

ACE also has plans to launch another LFP battery recycling plant in Texas, USA, in the second half of 2026. This plant is projected to have a processing capacity of 5,000 tonnes per year of scrap batteries.  In 2022, ACE signed a 15-year supply agreement with Switzerland-based Glencore for all recycled products from four of ACE's planned lead-acid battery and lithium-ion battery recycling facilities in the US, India, and Thailand, demonstrating strong market demand for recycled battery materials.