ReElement expands rare earth capabilities

ReElement

ReElement expands rare earth capabilities with trial shipments of 99.99% oxides. ReElement expands rare earth capabilities to support US defense and advanced manufacturing. The program strengthens domestic separation capacity and reduces import reliance.

Trial shipments and product focus

ReElement has begun trial deliveries to qualified defense and commercial partners. The shipments include high-purity rare earth oxides for critical applications. The company targets yttrium, gadolinium, samarium, terbium, gallium, and germanium. These materials enable magnets, sensors, RF devices, and aerospace systems. As a result, US supply chains gain resilience and traceability.

Capacity roadmap and tolling model

ReElement currently operates in Noblesville, Indiana. It is expanding to produce up to 200 t/yr at 99.5–99.999% purity. Meanwhile, the 400,000 ft² Marion facility targets early 2026 start-up. Initial capacity could reach 4,400 t/yr, with scalable growth. Indexed pricing aims to compete with Asian refiners across elements. A tolling model offers discounts until customer capital is amortized. Therefore, buyers can secure bankable costs during program ramp-up. ReElement expands rare earth capabilities while aligning outputs with defense standards.

The Metalnomist Commentary

Trial shipments mark a credible step from lab to market. If Marion ramps as planned, US midstream capacity meaningfully improves. Watch feedstock availability, long-term offtakes, and purity yields to gauge execution risk.

DRC-Rwanda minerals pact aims to stabilise 3T supply chains

DRC-Rwanda minerals

The DRC-Rwanda minerals pact follows a US-brokered peace deal. Both governments pledged to respect borders and stop supporting armed groups. The DRC-Rwanda minerals pact launches a regional integration framework for investment. It targets transparent supply chains for tantalum, tungsten and tin. The agreement aims to restore stability after 18 months of disruption.

Supply risks and market impact

Conflict shut key monitored mine sites across eastern DRC. M23 seized Rubaya and advanced on Goma and Bukavu earlier this year. As a result, 3T concentrate flows tightened and logistics stalled. Traders face uncertainty until export channels clear under the pact.

US bilateral minerals deals may follow the peace agreement. Therefore, buyers could gain clearer access and improved traceability. Producers may restart shipments once security improves in North and South Kivu. However, timelines depend on enforcement and local compliance.

What changes for responsible sourcing

The pact prioritises investment and transparency across critical mineral supply chains. Meanwhile, miners expect oversight to separate legal output from illicit material. This could reduce price volatility for tantalum, tungsten and tin. The DRC-Rwanda minerals pact, if implemented, strengthens ethical sourcing claims.

The Metalnomist Commentary

The peace framework creates a pathway, but execution remains decisive. Investors should watch border security, export procedures, and on-site audits. If governance holds, premiums for verified 3T units may compress.

IXM cobalt force majeure highlights DRC export ban risks

IXM cobalt

Switzerland-based IXM has declared force majeure on its cobalt deliveries from the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The announcement follows the DRC government’s decision to extend its cobalt export ban until September. This IXM cobalt force majeure underscores the rising risks in global cobalt supply chains.

Export ban pressures cobalt markets

The DRC cobalt export ban, first enacted in February, was designed to stabilize prices amid oversupply. However, its extension has made it “legally and practically impossible” for IXM suppliers, including Tenke Fungurume Mining and Kisanfu Mining, to ship material. IXM, owned by China Molybdenum (CMOC), said it could no longer meet customer obligations. As a result, no forward deliveries are guaranteed.

Market uncertainty and supply chain risks

The IXM cobalt force majeure does not halt mining production but blocks exports, which could lead to significant stockpiling inside the DRC. Market participants warn that inventories of intermediate products could be exhausted by March if the ban continues. CMOC, the world’s largest cobalt producer, aims to deliver 100,000–120,000t of cobalt this year, but much of it may never reach international buyers.

IXM global head of refined metal Tom Mackay called for “responsibility and certainty” in addressing the ban, reflecting industry frustration over the lack of clarity. The IXM cobalt force majeure highlights the vulnerability of downstream industries — from EV battery makers to aerospace suppliers — to geopolitical and regulatory shocks in the DRC, which controls the bulk of global cobalt output.

The Metalnomist Commentary

The IXM cobalt force majeure represents a structural stress point in critical minerals supply chains. With the DRC holding overwhelming cobalt dominance, the extension of its export ban will likely intensify calls for diversification of supply sources and acceleration of recycling projects in North America, Europe, and Asia.

Patriot Battery Metals tantalum strategy advances in Quebec

Patriot Battery Metals

By-product pathway could unlock value

Patriot Battery Metals tantalum evaluation advances at Quebec’s Shaakichiuwaanaan project. The explorer will assess economic feasibility as a by-product. It could also recover gallium and cesium. The move complements its lithium pegmatite focus in James Bay. Patriot Battery Metals tantalum plan targets diversified revenues.

Resource scale underpins optionality

Tantalum supports capacitors, resistors, and superalloys. Demand stems from electronics and high-temperature applications. By-product streams can lower unit costs. However, clean separation and bankable offtakes remain essential. Stable pricing and ESG traceability will also matter.

Scale gives optionality for recovery circuits. The indicated resource totals 108mn t at 1.4pc lithium oxide. Grades include 166ppm tantalum pentoxide and 66ppm gallium. As a result, future flowsheets may integrate tantalum capture. Meanwhile, James Bay infrastructure supports development timelines.

A Canadian source would aid resilient supply chains. It could reduce reliance on conflicted tantalum imports. Therefore, Patriot Battery Metals tantalum opportunity aligns with critical minerals policy. Investors will watch metallurgy, capex, and offtake progress.

The Metalnomist Commentary

Patriot’s by-product strategy is a prudent hedge against lithium price volatility. If metallurgy proves robust, tantalum could enhance project economics and attract strategic partners.

South Africa to Criminalise Illegal Mining While Supporting Artisanal Miners

S Africa Illegal Mining

New Legal Framework to Tackle Illegal Mining

South Africa will criminalise illegal mining for the first time, marking a significant policy shift to combat long-standing challenges in its mining sector. Deputy minerals and petroleum resources minister Phumzile Mgcina announced the change at the London Indaba conference, emphasizing that current laws do not classify illegal mining as a crime. The new legal framework will allow enforcement officers to enter illegal sites and make arrests immediately, strengthening the state’s ability to curb the activity.

Illegal mining, often driven by depleted industrial mines, involves an estimated 30,000 miners known as “zama zama.” These miners target gold, platinum group metals (PGMs), chromium, and manganese. The Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime estimates that the country loses about 10pc of annual chrome output to illegal operations, empowering criminal networks and eroding formal industry revenues.

Artisanal Mining Licences as a Pathway to Legitimacy

While introducing strict measures against illegal operations, the government has created artisanal mining permits under its critical minerals and metals strategy. This initiative differentiates artisanal mining from criminal activities, aiming to integrate small-scale miners into the formal economy.

Permits will address long-standing bottlenecks such as delays in processing applications and poor transparency. By granting artisanal miners legal recognition, the government seeks to provide support systems, ensure compliance with environmental and safety standards, and reduce the appeal of illegal mining. This dual strategy responds to international criticism following the government’s earlier crackdown, which cut off food and water to hundreds of trapped miners, leading to deaths.

The Metalnomist Commentary

South Africa’s decision to criminalise illegal mining while formalising artisanal operations represents a balancing act between security and inclusion. This approach could reduce the influence of criminal groups, but its success will depend on efficient permit administration and robust enforcement capacity. The international mining community will closely monitor how these reforms reshape the sector’s stability and sustainability.

HyProMag May Get $92mn for Rare Earth Magnet Recycling

HyProMag

HyProMag Expands Rare Earth Recycling with US Support

HyProMag may receive up to $92mn from the US Export-Import Bank to build a rare earth magnet recycling and production hub in Texas. The proposed financing, with a 10-year repayment term, would support the development of a Dallas-Fort Worth facility capable of processing 750 tonnes of recycled NdFeB magnets annually. The hub will also produce over 800 tonnes of NdFeB co-products.

The project is part of HyProMag’s broader effort to commercialize hydrogen processing of magnet scrap recycling technology across the UK, Germany, and the US. The Texas facility is expected to take five years to commission and operate for 40 years, positioning HyProMag as a key player in securing North American rare earth supply chains.

Strategic Positioning in Critical Raw Materials

HyProMag’s US expansion includes pre-processing facilities in South Carolina and Nevada, which will support the main Texas hub. This network is designed to create a domestic supply chain for recycled rare earth magnets, reducing reliance on primary extraction and overseas suppliers.

Investor Mkango Resources also links the project to its international portfolio, including Malawi’s Songwe Hill rare earths mine and Poland’s Pulawy separation project. Both projects are recognized under the EU Critical Raw Materials Act, highlighting their strategic importance in diversifying global rare earth supply.

The Metalnomist Commentary

HyProMag’s planned Texas hub signals a decisive shift toward circular economy solutions in the rare earth sector. If secured, the $92mn financing would not only strengthen US supply chain independence but also reduce environmental impacts from mining. This move underscores growing geopolitical pressure to secure rare earth materials domestically.

Cyclic Materials Invests $25mn in Rare Earths Recycling

Cyclic Materials

New Facility to Advance Circular Supply Chains

Cyclic Materials announced a $25mn investment to establish a commercial rare earth recycling facility and R&D hub in Kingston, Ontario. The plant will process 500 metric tonnes per year of magnet-containing feedstock into recycled mixed rare earth oxides, including neodymium, praseodymium, terbium, and dysprosium. Feedstock will be supplied from Cyclic’s Arizona-based spoke facility, which specializes in separating permanent magnets from end-of-life products.

Strengthening North America’s Rare Earth Security

Operations at the Kingston facility are expected to begin in early 2026, supplying partners with recycled rare earths for applications in electric vehicles, wind turbines, and consumer electronics. This initiative positions Canada as an emerging player in rare earth sustainability, reducing reliance on primary mining and diversifying supply away from China. The project also highlights growing investment in recycling technologies as governments and industries seek to build resilient and circular critical mineral supply chains.

The Metalnomist Commentary

Cyclic’s investment reflects a strategic shift toward localized and circular rare earth supply chains. By scaling recycling capacity in North America, the company is addressing both sustainability goals and geopolitical supply risks. The Kingston hub may serve as a model for future rare earth recovery initiatives worldwide.

Rusal Begins Commercial Production of Low-Carbon Foundry Alloys

Rusal

Post-Consumer Scrap Boosts Low-Carbon Aluminium Output

Russian aluminium producer Rusal has commenced commercial production of low-carbon foundry alloys at its Irkutsk aluminium smelter. The new production line integrates post-consumer scrap into Rusal’s Allow brand, which is manufactured using renewable hydropower. This move strengthens the company’s position in the growing low-carbon aluminium market.

Rusal began trial production in early 2023 with scrap accounting for around 20% of feedstock. The proportion has now increased to approximately 40% for commercial output. According to the company, the process involves adding consumer scrap to molten low-carbon aluminium, ensuring both emissions reduction and efficient resource use.

Targeting the Automotive Industry’s Sustainability Demands

The adoption of low-carbon foundry alloys is driven by rising demand from industries prioritizing sustainability, particularly automotive manufacturing. Rusal aims to supply customers seeking environmentally responsible aluminium units for casting components. By combining recycled materials with hydropower-based aluminium production, the company aligns with global carbon reduction goals and offers a competitive advantage in markets with strict sustainability standards.

The Metalnomist Commentary

Rusal’s integration of post-consumer scrap into low-carbon aluminium reflects a critical industry trend toward circular production models. The ability to meet both environmental targets and performance standards will be key in capturing market share in sectors like automotive, where sustainability is becoming a procurement requirement. This approach also demonstrates how aluminium producers can reduce emissions without compromising product quality.

Ecobat Sells European Battery Distribution Business to Refocus on Recycling

Ecobat

Strategic Shift Toward Core Battery Recycling Operations

Ecobat, a Texas-based battery recycler, has sold its European battery distribution arm to UK private equity firm Endless as part of a strategy to divest non-core assets. The divested division supplied a broad range of batteries for automotive, commercial, marine, leisure, and industrial markets. While financial terms remain undisclosed, the move underscores Ecobat’s intent to prioritize its core battery recycling operations across the US, UK, and Germany.

Market Pressures and Recycling Industry Challenges

Ecobat’s three lithium battery recycling facilities have a combined processing capacity of up to 10,000 metric tonnes per year. However, the battery recycling sector faces significant headwinds. Slower-than-expected electric vehicle (EV) adoption has limited the availability of end-of-life battery feedstock, while a growing shift toward lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries — which contain fewer high-value metals like cobalt and nickel — has reduced the economic incentive for recycling. This market pressure has already impacted competitors, as demonstrated by Canadian recycler Li-Cycle’s recent bankruptcy protection filing in both Canada and the US.

The Metalnomist Commentary

Ecobat’s divestment aligns with an industry trend of focusing resources on profitable, technology-driven recycling operations rather than lower-margin distribution businesses. As the EV market evolves and LFP battery adoption accelerates, recyclers will need to adapt their business models to remain competitive. Partnerships with battery producers and innovation in material recovery technology may be crucial for long-term success.

European Parliament Approves Key Carbon Border Changes to CBAM

CBAM

90% of Importers to Be Exempt Under Revised CBAM

The European Parliament has approved significant revisions to the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM), introducing a 50-ton de minimis threshold that is expected to exempt around 90% of importers. This adjustment aims to streamline implementation by alleviating the compliance burden on smaller importers while keeping the focus on bulk emissions from high-carbon goods like steel, aluminum, cement, and fertilizers.

The parliament also pushed back the start date for CBAM certificate sales to 1 February 2027, citing continued uncertainty around the original 2026 implementation timeline. Another clarification confirms that electricity imported from Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Norway—European Economic Area (EEA) members covered under the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS)—will not fall under CBAM’s scope, avoiding double regulation for intra-European electricity trade.

Meanwhile, bulk fertilizer shipments and other high-emission imports will remain fully subject to CBAM compliance. The European Commission emphasized that the changes preserve the mechanism’s core function: to ensure imported goods face a comparable carbon price as EU-produced products, thus preventing carbon leakage and supporting the EU’s decarbonization goals.

WTO Challenge Raises Trade Policy Stakes

The CBAM reform arrives amid rising international scrutiny, as Russia has launched a formal World Trade Organization (WTO) dispute process, claiming the policy constitutes an "alleged export subsidy." Despite this challenge, the EU maintains that CBAM is a climate-focused mechanism and not a form of protectionism, reinforcing its commitment to aligning trade with environmental policy.

The exemption for low-volume imports will likely ease trade tensions with smaller exporters while ensuring that larger, carbon-intensive producers prepare for full compliance. As a result, CBAM may set a precedent for similar carbon pricing measures in other jurisdictions, potentially reshaping global trade dynamics around emissions accountability.

The Metalnomist Commentary

The revised CBAM rules reflect a pragmatic approach by the EU to balance environmental ambition with trade flexibility. By exempting small importers while maintaining strict oversight on bulk emissions, the EU is strengthening its green trade infrastructure. The outcome of the WTO dispute may ultimately determine whether CBAM becomes a global blueprint or a contested policy outlier.

Russia EU CBAM Dispute Challenges Carbon Border Mechanism at WTO

Russia, EU CBAM

Russia EU CBAM dispute escalated to formal World Trade Organisation proceedings as Moscow challenges the European Union's carbon border adjustment mechanism. The Russia EU CBAM dispute claims the carbon pricing system violates multiple WTO agreements including the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994, potentially disrupting global metals trade and climate policy implementation across aluminum, steel, and iron sectors.

WTO Challenge Targets Multiple Trade Agreement Violations

Russia EU CBAM dispute allegations encompass comprehensive trade agreement breaches affecting critical industrial sectors. Moscow claims the carbon border mechanism violates the Agreement on Import Licensing Procedures and the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures. Additionally, Russia targets specific WTO accession protocols for Bulgaria, Croatia, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, broadening the dispute's scope beyond core EU institutions.

Meanwhile, the CBAM implementation schedule spans 2026-34 with carbon pricing applied to goods imported from aluminum, cement, iron, steel, electricity, fertilizers, ammonia, and hydrogen sectors. This phased approach affects major Russian export commodities, particularly metals and fertilizers that constitute significant portions of bilateral trade with European markets.

Export Subsidy Claims Challenge Free Allocation Calculations

However, Russia's primary objection centers on alleged "prohibited subsidies contingent upon export performance" within CBAM's design framework. Although the mechanism lacks specific provisions for EU export sectors, Russia considers free allocation calculations that include export values as discriminatory trade practices. This interpretation challenges fundamental CBAM architecture and carbon pricing methodologies.

Therefore, the dispute highlights tensions between climate policy implementation and international trade law compliance. Russia argues that EU domestic industry receives preferential treatment through free allocation systems while foreign competitors face carbon pricing burdens. This asymmetry allegedly creates unfair competitive advantages violating WTO non-discrimination principles.

Consultation Process Shapes Future Climate Trade Policy

Furthermore, mandatory 60-day consultations between Russia, the EU, and member states will determine dispute resolution pathways. If negotiations fail, Russia can request WTO panel adjudication, potentially creating precedent-setting rulings on carbon border mechanisms. The outcome influences global climate policy implementation and international trade law interpretation.

As a result, the Russia EU CBAM dispute represents broader conflicts between environmental regulations and trade liberalization principles. Major economies worldwide monitor these proceedings as they develop similar carbon border mechanisms. The WTO ruling could significantly impact future climate policy design and international carbon pricing coordination.

The Metalnomist Commentary

The Russia-EU CBAM dispute represents a critical test case for international trade law's intersection with climate policy, potentially establishing precedents that influence global carbon border mechanism development. While Russia's challenge primarily reflects economic interests in preserving metals and fertilizer export competitiveness, the dispute's resolution will significantly shape how nations balance environmental objectives with WTO compliance requirements.

EU and UK Move Toward Linking Carbon Markets

EU and UK

The EU and UK have formally agreed to work toward linking their carbon emissions trading systems (ETS), a move expected to benefit both industries and climate policy alignment. The announcement, made during a summit in London, emphasized that a EU and UK carbon markets link would support fair trade and reduce carbon leakage between jurisdictions. According to the joint statement, such a link would also exempt both regions from their respective carbon border adjustment mechanisms (CBAM), providing a more level playing field for domestic industries while maintaining environmental ambition.

ETS Link Could Unlock Significant Economic Gains

The linking of the EU and UK carbon markets could generate significant cost savings. UK Prime Minister Keir Starmer claimed British businesses could save £800 million in EU carbon taxes, while a recent industry-commissioned study projected up to €1.2 billion in savings from lower hedging costs due to improved market liquidity. While there is no timeline for implementation, market participants note that linking the Swiss ETS to the EU’s system took nearly a decade. Still, the potential economic efficiency and regulatory clarity have made the EU and UK carbon markets discussion a top priority for energy-intensive sectors across Europe.

Shared Climate Goals, Independent Ambitions

The agreement stressed that neither side should be constrained from pursuing more ambitious climate goals. The UK’s ETS remains guided by the legally binding Climate Change Act and its Paris Agreement commitments. The UK targets a 68% GHG reduction by 2030 and 81% by 2035, compared to 1990 levels. The EU aims for a 55% net reduction by 2030 and is still shaping its 2035 benchmark. Despite regulatory differences, both jurisdictions reaffirmed their commitment to net-zero emissions by 2050. The agreement also includes cooperation on hydrogen, CCS, biomethane, and a potential UK entry into the EU’s internal power market—further aligning EU and UK carbon markets within a broader clean energy framework.

The Metalnomist Commentary

The potential linkage of EU and UK carbon markets signals a return to pragmatic climate diplomacy. While structural alignment will take time, the economic and environmental incentives suggest both sides are committed to meaningful integration—setting a precedent for future carbon market collaborations globally.

Rio Tinto Hydropower Investment of $1.2 Billion Secures Low-Carbon Aluminum Future

Rio tinto Aluminium

Rio Tinto hydropower investment reaches $1.2 billion for modernizing the Isle-Maligne hydroelectric power plant in Quebec, Canada. The massive Rio Tinto hydropower upgrade represents the mining giant's largest investment in hydroelectric assets since the 1950s, targeting sustainable aluminum production at its Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean operations through 2032.

Comprehensive Modernization Enhances Production Capacity

Rio Tinto hydropower modernization encompasses extensive infrastructure improvements across multiple facility components. The project will replace electrical and mechanical equipment throughout the Isle-Maligne plant while constructing facility extensions and new mechanical workshops. Additionally, engineers will improve water intake systems and hydraulic passages to optimize power generation efficiency.

Meanwhile, the upgrade includes critical spillway modifications enabling year-round operations during Canadian winter conditions. These enhancements ensure continuous power supply for aluminum smelting operations regardless of seasonal weather challenges. The comprehensive scope demonstrates Rio Tinto's commitment to long-term operational reliability in Quebec's challenging climate.

Strategic Investment Supports Integrated Aluminum Operations

However, the Isle-Maligne facility serves as a cornerstone for Rio Tinto's extensive Quebec aluminum infrastructure. The Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean operations include one alumina refinery, five wholly owned aluminum smelters, and six hydropower plants. These integrated facilities account for nearly half of Rio Tinto's global aluminum output, making reliable power generation essential.

Therefore, the modernization project directly impacts Rio Tinto's competitive position in North American aluminum markets. Sebastien Ross, Rio Tinto Aluminium's managing director for Atlantic operations, emphasized that the investment ensures long-term competitiveness for Canadian and American customers. The low-carbon aluminum production capability provides significant marketing advantages in environmentally conscious markets.

Decades-Long Commitment to Sustainable Metal Production

Furthermore, the $1.2 billion investment timeline extends through 2032, demonstrating Rio Tinto's long-term commitment to Quebec operations. The hydroelectric power source enables low-carbon aluminum production, aligning with global sustainability trends and regulatory requirements. This positioning strengthens Rio Tinto's market differentiation in premium aluminum segments.

As a result, the modernization project reinforces Quebec's role as a strategic aluminum production hub for North American markets. The combination of abundant hydroelectric resources, existing infrastructure, and skilled workforce creates competitive advantages that justify substantial capital investment in facility upgrades.

The Metalnomist Commentary

Rio Tinto's $1.2 billion hydropower investment exemplifies how integrated mining companies leverage renewable energy assets to maintain competitive advantages in commodity markets. The project's scale and timeline demonstrate the capital intensity required to modernize aging industrial infrastructure while positioning aluminum operations for decades of low-carbon production in increasingly sustainability-focused markets.

CBAM to Add 15-25% Surcharge to EU Steel Import Costs Starting January 2026

EU Steel

The European Union's Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) will impose 15-25% surcharges on CBAM steel import costs when full implementation begins January 1, 2026, according to Euranimi analysis. The European Association of Non-Integrated Metal Importers & Distributors warned that these additional costs will vary significantly depending on product type and country of origin. Steel importers face substantial cost increases as CBAM steel import costs rise through carbon pricing mechanisms designed to protect EU domestic steel producers from unfair competition.

CBAM Calculation Formula Creates Variable Cost Impact Across Origins

The CBAM surcharge calculation uses a specific formula measuring the difference between embedded emissions and 97.5% of EU benchmark standards multiplied by emissions trading system (ETS) pricing. This methodology ensures that steel imports face carbon costs comparable to EU domestic production under the emissions trading system. Meanwhile, Euranimi recommends that suppliers introduce separate CBAM surcharge lines in commercial offers, similar to existing alloy surcharge practices in steel trading.

Market participants anticipate significant import pattern changes as CBAM implementation approaches, with potential steel import surges in the fourth quarter of 2025. Importers may accelerate purchases before January 2026 to avoid initial CBAM steel import costs and associated compliance complexities. However, steel imports could decline sharply after January as buyers adjust to higher costs and new administrative requirements.

Implementation Timeline Creates Uncertainty for Steel Trade

Euranimi collaborates with the European Commission to develop "manageable" CBAM implementation procedures that minimize trade disruption while achieving environmental objectives. The association requests June publication of temporary benchmarks and default values for 2026 imports to provide market clarity. As a result, transitional benchmarks should be less strict initially while default values require reasonable levels to manage compliance costs.

Steel importers face significant uncertainty because verified emission data from non-EU suppliers won't be available until late 2026 at the earliest. Default values will play crucial roles in managing CBAM steel import costs during this transition period without verified supplier data. Therefore, appropriate default value settings prevent excessive financial exposure from unforeseen corrections and compliance adjustments.

The CBAM implementation represents a fundamental shift in global steel trade dynamics, creating competitive advantages for low-carbon steel producers while penalizing high-emission suppliers. European steel importers must adapt business models to incorporate carbon costs into pricing strategies and supplier selection processes. Consequently, CBAM steel import costs will reshape trade flows and encourage global steel industry decarbonization efforts through market mechanisms.

The Metalnomist Commentary

The 15-25% CBAM surcharge on steel imports marks a pivotal moment in global trade policy, potentially reshaping steel supply chains as importers seek lower-carbon suppliers to minimize carbon border costs. This mechanism could accelerate global steel industry decarbonization by creating economic incentives for cleaner production technologies, though it also risks disrupting established trade relationships and creating competitive disadvantages for developing country steel producers lacking access to clean technology.

Quota System Likely for DRC Cobalt Export Restart Amid Rising Global Prices

DRC cobalt

Market Expects DRC to Shift From Export Ban to Cobalt Quotas

The Democratic Republic of Congo is expected to transition from a cobalt export ban to a quota-based system, as global prices rise and domestic revenues remain frozen. This policy shift is emerging as the most probable path forward, according to market participants attending the Cobalt Institute’s annual conference in Singapore.

The Focus Keyphrase "DRC cobalt export quotas" has become central to ongoing discussions. Since the DRC imposed a blanket cobalt export ban in February, cobalt hydroxide prices have nearly doubled. However, no royalties have flowed into the Congolese treasury, prompting calls for a more dynamic system that maintains pricing leverage while restoring revenue.

Traders suggest the decision is being driven directly by Kinshasa and the presidential office, not just Gecamines. The political goal appears to be the establishment of a long-term supply management system, similar to OPEC’s oil model, to prevent global oversupply and capture more value for the DRC.

Stockpiles Shrinking as Market Braces for Supply Squeeze

Despite record production by CMOC (30,000t) and Glencore (9,500t) in Q1, the export halt has created dislocation. Cobalt hydroxide stocks are building up within the DRC, while inventories outside the country are being depleted. Estimates put global stockpiles at 50,000–70,000t, but availability varies by holder and strategy.

Some traders are withholding shipments to capitalize on rising prices, while others warn of a looming shortage. By August, inventories in China could be critically low, leading to what one source described as a “crunch scenario” if no new material enters the pipeline.

The pressure is already visible in spot markets: Chinese hydroxide material trades at $15–16/lb, western standard at $17–18/lb, and alloy grade cobalt at $19–20/lb, depending on region and grade.

Export Enforcement Signals Shift to Strategic Resource Governance

The DRC’s export ban is being strictly enforced, with military-backed customs units now operating at Kasumbalesa, the country’s primary cobalt export route to Zambia. The sophisticated level of enforcement has convinced many in the market that a structured quota system is the inevitable next step.

Meanwhile, comparisons are being drawn with Indonesia’s nickel quota system, although differences in market structure mean the analogy is not perfect. Still, the strategic intent is clear: the DRC is asserting greater control over its cobalt exports to maximize pricing power and domestic benefit.

The Metalnomist Commentary

The move toward DRC cobalt export quotas reflects a broader trend: resource-rich nations are reclaiming leverage in critical mineral supply chains. As global cobalt demand grows, especially for EV batteries and aerospace alloys, market players must prepare for a more politically managed and price-sensitive landscape. The DRC’s emerging strategy could become a blueprint for other producers.

EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism Gains Parliamentary Support for 50-Tonne Threshold

EU CBAM

The EU carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM) received decisive parliamentary backing as the European Parliament's environment committee voted to implement proposed regulatory changes. The committee approved a minimum mass threshold of 50 tonnes for goods covered by the carbon border adjustment mechanism, effectively exempting approximately 90% of importers from CBAM requirements. This significant modification will streamline compliance while maintaining environmental effectiveness across key industrial sectors.

Parliamentary Vote Confirms CBAM Exemptions for Small-Scale Importers

The environment committee overwhelmingly supported the EU carbon border adjustment mechanism changes with 85 members voting in favor, only one against, and one abstention. Environment committee chair Antonio Decaro emphasized that amendments did not reopen other provisions of existing CBAM legislation. Therefore, the core framework of the carbon border adjustment mechanism remains intact while reducing administrative burden on smaller importers.

Meanwhile, the amendments clarify that CBAM applies to electricity importers but excludes power generated exclusively in European Economic Area countries. This exemption covers electricity from Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Norway imported into the EU. As a result, the EU carbon border adjustment mechanism maintains its focus on third-country imports while preserving regional energy cooperation.

Industrial Sectors Maintain Comprehensive CBAM Coverage Despite Exemptions

The revised EU carbon border adjustment mechanism will continue covering 99% of total CO2 emissions from imports of iron, steel, aluminum, cement, and fertilizers. This comprehensive coverage ensures that the carbon border adjustment mechanism achieves its environmental objectives despite the small-importer exemption. However, the 50-tonne threshold significantly reduces compliance costs for smaller trading companies and specialized importers.

Parliamentary negotiations with EU member states will finalize the legal text under Antonio Decaro's leadership. EU states aim to agree their position by the end of May, setting the stage for final approval. Therefore, the EU carbon border adjustment mechanism implementation timeline remains on track for full enforcement across affected industrial sectors.

The carbon border adjustment mechanism represents a cornerstone of EU climate policy, targeting carbon leakage from high-emission industries. These amendments balance environmental effectiveness with practical implementation concerns raised by industry stakeholders.

The Metalnomist Commentary

This parliamentary approval demonstrates the EU's commitment to implementing CBAM while addressing legitimate concerns about administrative burden on smaller importers. The 50-tonne threshold strikes a practical balance that maintains environmental integrity while reducing compliance costs, positioning the carbon border adjustment mechanism as a more workable trade policy tool for the global metals and minerals industry.

Norwegian Sovereign Wealth Fund Pressures Miners on Environmental Performance

Norwegian fund

Norges Bank to engage Rio Tinto and South32 over Amazon bauxite mine

Norwegian wealth fund mining engagement is intensifying as the world’s largest sovereign wealth fund targets environmental risks tied to major mining firms. Norges Bank Investment Management (NBIM), which oversees Norway’s $1.8 trillion fund, announced it will engage Rio Tinto and South32 over serious environmental concerns related to their joint bauxite mining operations in the Amazon.

Environmental concerns prompt active ownership, not exclusion

While the fund’s ethics council recommended exclusion, NBIM chose instead to pursue active ownership over the next 5–10 years. The companies’ involvement in environmentally sensitive mining areas poses “an unacceptable risk” of severe damage, the fund noted. This shift signals a more interventionist strategy focused on influencing corporate behavior rather than immediate divestment.

Meanwhile, the fund reversed its 2020 exclusion of German utility RWE, citing credible progress on coal phase-out and renewable energy expansion. RWE will now remain under observation rather than full exclusion.

Climate alignment remains a key investment mandate

Norway’s finance ministry mandates that all fund investments align with the Paris Agreement’s net-zero goals. The fund reported a 30% reduction in financed emissions from 2017 to 2024 and has excluded or monitored nearly 200 companies, many tied to coal-related activities. The ongoing Norwegian wealth fund mining engagement reflects a broader climate-risk approach to portfolio stewardship.

The Metalnomist Commentary

Norway’s sovereign fund is signaling that climate accountability is no longer optional for global miners. By leveraging shareholder engagement instead of divestment, the fund aims to enforce ESG performance in high-impact sectors without relinquishing influence over corporate governance.

KoBold to Acquire Stake in Manono Lithium Project Amid US Push into DRC

Manono lithium

First major US lithium investment in DRC since 2016

KoBold Manono lithium project investment marks a strategic entry by the U.S.-based startup into the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), securing critical battery metals amid intensifying global competition. KoBold Metals will acquire AVZ Minerals’ stake in the Manono lithium deposit—one of the world’s largest undeveloped hard rock lithium assets.

Over $1 billion planned for Western market access

KoBold, backed by prominent investors such as Breakthrough Energy Ventures, plans to invest over $1 billion to develop and commercialize Manono’s lithium supply chain for Western markets. This deal represents the first significant U.S. mining investment in the DRC since 2016, reinforcing U.S. efforts to diversify lithium sourcing away from China.

Dispute with Zijin Mining still unresolved

However, the Manono project remains entangled in an ownership dispute. Chinese firm Zijin Mining also claims rights to the project and is aiming for a 2026 production start. As part of the new agreement, AVZ will propose a temporary suspension of arbitration proceedings at the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) to facilitate negotiations. AVZ had earlier revised its joint venture with Suzhou CATH, granting CATH rights to purchase all spodumene output from Manono.

The Metalnomist Commentary

KoBold’s move into the Manono lithium project signals growing geopolitical urgency in securing battery metals outside China’s orbit. While the ownership dispute introduces short-term uncertainty, the scale of investment suggests long-term U.S. commitment to Africa’s critical mineral assets.

Energy-Related Methane Emissions Remain Flat Despite Pledges: IEA

IEA

Major Emitters Include China, Russia, US, and Iran

Energy-related methane emissions stayed flat in 2024, according to the International Energy Agency (IEA). Global emissions from the fossil fuel sector remained at 120mn tonnes, with China, Russia, the US, and Iran accounting for over 50%. The IEA attributes the lack of progress to limited national plans and weak enforcement of pledges to cut methane.

Methane Intensity Declines but Voluntary Action Lacks Verification

Although total methane emissions have not dropped, methane intensity declined slightly due to rising hydrocarbon output. However, only 5% of oil and gas emissions are subject to near-zero verified standards. The IEA notes that 30% of emissions could be cut at no net cost, but recent declines in gas prices have reduced the cost-effectiveness of abatement.

Bioenergy Leaks and Policy Gaps Undermine Progress

Methane emissions from bioenergy sources are twice as high as earlier estimates, primarily due to incomplete combustion. India alone accounts for 20% of these emissions. Additionally, the IEA highlights that only 30 countries’ climate plans specifically address methane, with just nine setting quantifiable targets. In the US, state-level laws remain despite federal rollbacks, but low gas prices weaken incentives for emissions control.

The Metalnomist Commentary

The IEA’s report reveals a critical gap between climate pledges and implementation. Without enforceable methane abatement policies and clearer investment incentives, both the fossil and bioenergy sectors risk derailing global decarbonization timelines.

Brazil Critical Minerals Fund Attracts $85 Billion in Proposals

Brazil Critical Minerals

High investor interest spans lithium, rare earths, copper, and graphite across 23 Brazilian states

$5B fund aims to drive energy transition and scale-up Brazil’s strategic minerals

The new Brazil critical minerals fund, valued at $5 billion, has sparked major investment interest, receiving 124 proposals totaling over $85 billion. Launched amid rising global trade barriers and U.S. tariffs on critical minerals, the fund is designed to boost Brazil’s domestic mining, R&D, and downstream innovation.

Lithium and rare earths lead proposal volume across a wide mineral spectrum

Proposals submitted between 7 January and 30 April came from across 23 of Brazil’s 26 states and cover over 40 different minerals. Notably, the fund received 27 proposals for rare earths, 25 for lithium, 24 for copper, and 20 for graphite. Each submission required a detailed plan for research, development, and industrial innovation to support energy transition and decarbonization goals.

The Brazil critical minerals fund encourages local transformation of raw materials into energy-related products. This initiative could significantly expand Brazil’s role in the global critical mineral supply chain, especially in the face of U.S.-China resource tensions and shifting ESG standards.

Brazil positions itself as a global mineral powerhouse

BNDES, the state development bank administering the program with FINEP, highlights Brazil’s global resource base: the world’s largest niobium reserves and production, second-largest natural graphite reserves, and top-five positions in lithium, nickel, rare earths, and silicon. Eligible minerals for funding include aluminum, cobalt, manganese, molybdenum, titanium, tungsten, and uranium, among others.

Approved projects will receive tailored financial support—including loans, equity investments, grants, and subsidies—based on a two-stage evaluation. Although only a portion of proposals will be funded, the scale of demand underscores the region’s potential as a critical mineral hub.

The Metalnomist Commentary

The Brazil critical minerals fund reflects Latin America’s growing assertiveness in global supply chains. As Western countries scramble for non-Chinese resources, Brazil’s broad resource portfolio and downstream ambitions make it a pivotal player in the energy transition economy.