Colorado Set to Finalize CO2 Trading Rules, Bridging Emissions Programs

Colorado CO2

Colorado is on track to finalize new rules for its industrial CO2 emissions trading markets by the end of the year, marking a significant step in the state’s efforts to curb greenhouse gas emissions. The revised regulations aim to streamline the state’s Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Energy Management (GEMM) rule, which has been under development, and integrate the two existing programs, GEMM 1 and GEMM 2, to enhance emissions reduction incentives.

Integrating GEMM 1 and GEMM 2 for Effective Emissions Control

The Colorado Air Pollution Control Division announced on September 30 that only minor adjustments were made to the initial draft of the trading rules released in July. These changes were based on public feedback collected through mid-August. The final draft seeks to address key differences between the two programs under the GEMM rule, which covers industrial facilities emitting 25,000 metric tonnes (t) or more of greenhouse gases (GHG) annually. Facilities under these programs are required to reduce their emissions by 20% from 2015 levels by 2030.

The GEMM rule includes two distinct approaches. The GEMM 1 program, launched in 2021, adopts an "intensity-based" method, setting emissions limits per unit of production, which allows for more flexibility in compliance. In contrast, GEMM 2, introduced in 2023, follows a traditional cap-and-trade system, imposing an overall emissions cap across 18 facilities. The draft rule aims to bridge these approaches by enabling GEMM 1 facilities to trade their emissions credits within the GEMM 2 market, thereby incentivizing broader compliance and emissions reduction.

The draft rule introduces a mechanism that allows GEMM 1 facilities to tag certain credits as "GEMM 2 eligible," starting in 2025. To qualify, these credits must represent a defined percentage reduction in total emissions, with the threshold becoming progressively stricter over time. Under the revised plan, GEMM 1 facilities can trade credits in the GEMM 2 market if they achieve a 10% reduction below a specific emissions level for two consecutive years (revised from three years). From 2027 onward, this threshold will increase to 20%, reflecting the state’s goal for more meaningful emissions cuts.

Additionally, both GEMM 1 and GEMM 2 credits come with a three-year use limit, ensuring that facilities act promptly to meet their emissions targets. Colorado will also hold annual auctions, providing an open market for buying and selling credits, thus enhancing the flexibility and accessibility of emissions trading across the state.

Constellium’s Earnings Drop in Q3 Due to Swiss Flooding Impact

Constellium’s

France-based aluminium producer Constellium has reported a decline in earnings for the third quarter of 2024, with the effects of severe flooding in Switzerland continuing to impact its operations. The flood, which affected the company’s facilities in the Valais region of Switzerland, had significant repercussions across several key business divisions, especially aerospace, transportation, and automotive.

Financial Performance in Q3

For Q3 2024, Constellium posted earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortisation (EBITDA) of €110 million ($119 million), marking a 35% drop from the same period last year. Additionally, revenue fell by 5% to €1.6 billion. The company shipped 352,000 tonnes of aluminium products in the third quarter, a decrease of 5% year-over-year.

Impact of the Flooding in Valais

The flooding in late June severely disrupted operations at Constellium’s Sierre and Chippis facilities, both located in the Valais region, which are vital to its aerospace, automotive, and packaging operations. The impact was particularly felt in Constellium’s aerospace and transportation division, which saw its EBITDA fall by 41% year-over-year to €47 million. The automotive structures and industry division also suffered, with its EBITDA plummeting 61% to €10 million. Similarly, Constellium’s packaging and automotive rolled products division saw a 9% drop in EBITDA to €61 million for the quarter.

Revised Full-Year Forecast

As a result of the operational disruptions and broader market challenges, Constellium revised its full-year EBITDA forecast, lowering it to €580-600 million from the previous estimate of around €710 million. CEO Jean-Marc Germain acknowledged the significant challenges faced during the quarter, citing weakened demand across multiple end markets and the continued impact of the flooding at the company’s Swiss facilities.

“The team faced significant challenges in the third quarter, including increased demand weakness across several of our end markets, and the ongoing impact from the flood that occurred back in late June at our facilities in the Valais region in Switzerland,” Germain said. “We continue to face uncertainties on the macroeconomic and geopolitical fronts, and we have a demand environment that has continued to weaken throughout the year, which accelerated during the third quarter and has now spread to most of our end markets.”

Outlook for Constellium

Despite these setbacks, Constellium is working to mitigate the impact of the flooding while navigating global market uncertainties. The company’s ability to recover will depend largely on the stabilization of macroeconomic conditions and the resumption of full operations at its Valais facilities.

Hydro UK Extrusion Closure at Birtley Plant Affects 100 Jobs

Hydro

Hydro UK extrusion closure confirmed as Norwegian aluminum producer Hydro announced the shutdown of its Birtley facility due to challenging market conditions. The Hydro UK extrusion closure will eliminate 12,000 tonnes annual production capacity from two extrusion presses while making 100 employees redundant, as the company consolidates operations at remaining UK facilities in Tibshelf and Cheltenham following extensive employee consultations.

Production Consolidation Strategy Addresses Market Pressures

Hydro UK extrusion operations face restructuring as the company transfers Birtley's customers and production activities to other domestic facilities. The Tibshelf and Cheltenham plants will absorb the redistributed workload, maintaining customer service continuity while optimizing operational efficiency. This consolidation approach demonstrates Hydro's commitment to preserving UK market presence despite facility closures.

Meanwhile, the Birtley closure reflects broader aluminum extrusion industry pressures including elevated energy costs and competitive market dynamics. The facility's 12,000 tonne annual capacity represents a relatively modest scale that may struggle to maintain competitiveness against larger, more efficient operations. Market consolidation trends favor facilities with enhanced economies of scale and operational flexibility.

European Restructuring Extends Beyond UK Operations

However, the Birtley shutdown forms part of broader European restructuring initiatives affecting Hydro's continental operations. The company announced closure of an anodizing facility in Luce, France, alongside 30,000 tonnes of recycling capacity reduction in Puget, France earlier this month. These concurrent shutdowns indicate systematic capacity rationalization across multiple European markets.

Therefore, Hydro's restructuring strategy targets operational optimization while maintaining core market positions in key European regions. The company prioritizes facilities with superior cost structures and strategic market access over smaller, less competitive operations. This approach aligns with industry trends toward consolidation and efficiency improvements amid persistent cost pressures.

Industry Consolidation Reflects Challenging Operating Environment

Furthermore, aluminum extrusion sector consolidation accelerates as producers face sustained pressure from energy costs, raw material pricing, and competitive dynamics. UK manufacturing operations encounter particular challenges from elevated electricity prices and post-Brexit trade complexities. These factors contribute to ongoing industrial capacity rationalization across energy-intensive sectors.

As a result, Hydro's facility consolidation demonstrates how established aluminum producers adapt to challenging market conditions through strategic capacity management. The company's ability to redistribute production while maintaining customer relationships illustrates operational flexibility essential for navigating volatile market environments. Similar consolidation activities may continue across European aluminum processing sectors facing comparable pressures.

The Metalnomist Commentary

Hydro's UK extrusion plant closure exemplifies the ongoing rationalization within Europe's aluminum processing sector, where elevated energy costs and competitive pressures force even established producers to consolidate operations for improved efficiency. The company's ability to redistribute production to remaining facilities while maintaining customer service demonstrates the strategic importance of operational flexibility in managing volatile market conditions that continue to challenge energy-intensive manufacturing across the region.

Chinese Aluminium Investment Shifts Focus to Overseas Production Facilities

Chinese Aluminium

Chinese aluminium investment is pivoting toward international markets as domestic production approaches government-imposed capacity limits. China produced 43.4 million tonnes of aluminium in 2024 and already possesses capacity to reach the government's production cap of 45 million tonnes per year. Therefore, any new Chinese aluminium investment will concentrate on facilities outside China rather than expanding domestic capacity.

Production Growth Slows in China While Global Expansion Accelerates

China's aluminium production growth will decelerate dramatically to approximately 0.4% compound annual growth rate over the medium term. This represents a significant shift from China's previous rapid expansion that outpaced global competitors. Meanwhile, Chinese aluminium investment will target strategic locations including Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, and Angola for new production facilities.

Indonesia emerges as the primary beneficiary of Chinese aluminium investment, with approximately 3 million tonnes of new annual capacity expected. The country has transformed from a bauxite supplier to China into a downstream aluminium producer. As a result, Indonesia's aluminium industry will receive substantial Chinese capital and technology transfer.

Secondary Aluminium Production Expands Despite Scrap Supply Constraints

Chinese secondary aluminium production will reach almost 30 million tonnes per year in 2025, doubling from 15 million tonnes five years ago. However, tight scrap supply continues to limit capacity utilization rates below 50% across the industry. This constraint affects the efficiency of Chinese aluminium investment in recycling infrastructure.

Ron Knapp, advisor to China Hongqiao Group chairman, emphasized that the production cap remains firm government policy. The cap prevents overcapacity issues similar to those experienced in China's steel industry. Therefore, Chinese companies must pursue aluminium investment opportunities in international markets to maintain growth trajectories.

Chinese aluminium demand growth will also moderate significantly in coming years. Primary aluminium consumption will increase by just 0.9% in 2025, falling to approximately 0.6% thereafter. Consequently, Chinese aluminium investment strategy focuses on securing global market share rather than serving domestic demand alone.

The Metalnomist Commentary

This strategic pivot reflects China's maturing aluminium sector and government commitment to sustainable industrial development through production caps. The shift toward overseas Chinese aluminium investment, particularly in resource-rich countries like Indonesia, will reshape global aluminium supply chains and create new competitive dynamics in international markets.

Materion Clad Strip Ramp-Up Signals Recovery in Advanced Materials Production

Materion

Materion clad strip ramp-up is becoming a key recovery story in advanced materials production. The US-based company is increasing output at its precision clad strip facilities in the first quarter of 2026. The move follows a temporary production suspension in the fourth quarter because of material performance issues. As a result, Materion clad strip ramp-up now matters for both short-term operations and broader industrial demand.

This matters because the suspension hit one of Materion’s important business segments. Sales in its performance materials unit fell 30pc in the fourth quarter to $148.3mn. Full-year segment sales also declined 9pc to $675.9mn. Therefore, Materion clad strip ramp-up is directly tied to restoring lost momentum in a core materials business.

The broader company picture remains stronger than the segment disruption suggests. Total sales in 2025 rose 6pc to $1.8bn from 2024. Annual profit also climbed sharply to $74.8mn from $5.9mn. Consequently, Materion clad strip ramp-up is happening from a base of wider company resilience, not from broad operating weakness.

Precision Clad Strip Facilities Are Returning Gradually

Precision clad strip facilities will not return to full pace immediately. Management said the first quarter start will be slower as the ramp-up continues. However, the company expects production to increase further in the following quarter. As a result, Materion clad strip ramp-up is expected to be gradual rather than sudden.

That approach makes sense after a materials performance issue. Restoring production too quickly could create additional operational risk. A measured restart gives the company more control over quality and throughput. Therefore, precision clad strip facilities are likely to recover in stages, not all at once.

This recovery is important because clad strip products serve demanding end markets. Customers in electronics, automotive, defense, and other advanced sectors depend on reliable material performance. Meanwhile, any disruption in specialized strip production can ripple into downstream manufacturing schedules.

Defense and Semiconductor Materials Are Driving the Bigger Growth Story

Defense and semiconductor materials remain the stronger part of Materion’s overall growth profile. The company said business wins in semiconductors, space, defense, and automotive supported annual sales growth. That shows demand remains solid in several high-value industrial markets. As a result, Materion clad strip ramp-up is taking place alongside broader demand strength.

The defense business is especially important. Materion surpassed $100mn in defense sales in 2025 and secured $140mn in new defense orders. Semiconductor orders also rose 14pc during the year, excluding China. Therefore, defense and semiconductor materials are becoming increasingly important to the company’s earnings base.

This mix gives the company a more balanced outlook for 2026. Even if the precision clad strip recovery takes time, other segments are already performing well. Electronic materials sales rose 19pc to just over $1bn, while precision optics sales increased 7pc. Consequently, Materion clad strip ramp-up supports recovery, but it is not the only positive force in the business.

The Metalnomist Commentary

Materion’s update shows how important execution is in specialized materials manufacturing. The company already has strong demand in defense and semiconductors, but it still needs its clad strip operations back at stable output. If the ramp-up stays on track, Materion could enter 2026 with a much stronger mix of recovery and structural growth.

Johnson Matthey Cormetech Acquisition Strengthens Clean Air Catalyst Business

Johnson Matthey

Johnson Matthey Cormetech acquisition will expand the UK chemicals group’s clean air solutions business and strengthen its position in stationary emissions control. Johnson Matthey has agreed to buy US-based Cormetech for an enterprise value of $360mn in cash.

Johnson Matthey Cormetech acquisition terms also include a potential earn-out of up to $100mn linked to Cormetech’s performance in 2028-29. The transaction is expected to close by the end of June or July, subject to regulatory approvals.

Johnson Matthey Cormetech acquisition is strategically important because Cormetech produces selective catalytic reduction catalysts used to reduce nitrogen oxide emissions from gas and coal-fired power plants and industrial facilities.

The deal gives Johnson Matthey greater exposure to the US stationary emissions market, where tighter regulation and rising electricity demand are supporting demand for clean air technologies.

SCR Catalysts Gain Relevance as Power Demand Rises

Cormetech produces SCR catalysts that help cut NOx emissions from power generation and industrial processes. These systems remain important as power plants and heavy industrial facilities face stricter air pollution requirements.

The acquisition strengthens Johnson Matthey’s position beyond automotive emissions control. Stationary emissions are becoming more important as electricity demand rises from data centres, industrial electrification and grid reliability needs.

Data centre growth is especially relevant. Artificial intelligence infrastructure requires large amounts of reliable power, and that can support continued use of gas-fired generation in some markets.

If gas-fired power expands or runs at higher utilisation, emissions control systems will become more important. That creates a demand channel for SCR catalysts and related clean air services.

Cormetech generated sales of $129mn in 2025 and expects revenue of around $180mn in 2026. The company also expects Ebitda of about $35mn, giving Johnson Matthey an earnings-accretive platform in a growing market.

Catalyst Deal Supports Johnson Matthey’s Materials Strategy

Johnson Matthey expects the deal to increase earnings in the first full year after completion. It also expects at least $20mn in annual cost savings and revenue gains by 2030 from combining the businesses.

The transaction supports Johnson Matthey’s wider materials strategy. The company has deep expertise in catalysts, precious metals and emissions control, and Cormetech adds a stronger US industrial emissions platform.

Catalyst production also connects to platinum group metals markets, where Johnson Matthey remains a major global supplier and processor. This gives the acquisition a metals supply-chain angle beyond clean air regulation alone.

The deal comes as industrial customers face pressure to reduce emissions without compromising operating reliability. Power producers, refiners, chemical plants and industrial facilities need proven technologies that can meet regulatory requirements at scale.

For Johnson Matthey, Cormetech offers customer access, manufacturing capability and technology depth in stationary emissions control. For Cormetech, Johnson Matthey adds global scale, technical resources and commercial reach.

The acquisition shows that clean air technology remains a strategic market even as attention shifts toward batteries, hydrogen and electrification. Emissions control for existing industrial assets will still require investment.

The Metalnomist Commentary

Johnson Matthey’s Cormetech acquisition shows that decarbonisation does not eliminate the need for conventional emissions control. As data centres lift power demand, clean air catalysts could become more important for keeping gas and industrial assets compliant.

Lucid to Acquire Nikola Facilities and Assets in Arizona

Lucid & Nikola

Lucid Expands U.S. Footprint with Key Facility Acquisition

Electric vehicle maker Lucid Group has agreed to acquire assets from bankrupt rival Nikola Corporation, further expanding its Arizona operations. Lucid will take over Nikola’s Coolidge manufacturing plant and Phoenix development facility, both critical to Nikola’s former truck production efforts.

The assets include battery development and environmental testing chambers, which align with Lucid’s growing focus on in-house component testing. This acquisition is subject to approval by the U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the District of Delaware following Nikola’s Chapter 11 filing completed on 10 April.

Lucid to Absorb Former Nikola Workforce

As part of the deal, Lucid plans to employ more than 300 former Nikola workers, aiming to retain valuable EV talent. The move provides operational continuity for Lucid while preserving jobs in the Arizona EV manufacturing sector.

Meanwhile, Lucid reported 3,109 vehicle deliveries in the first quarter of 2025 — a 58% increase from the same period last year. This growth, combined with the asset acquisition, signals Lucid's commitment to scaling up U.S. production and engineering capabilities.

Strategic Expansion Amid Industry Consolidation

The Coolidge and Phoenix facilities offer Lucid immediate access to infrastructure for advanced testing and localized manufacturing. With U.S. EV competition intensifying, strategic acquisitions like this provide a faster path to capacity growth and vertical integration.

The Metalnomist Commentary

Lucid’s takeover of Nikola’s Arizona sites reflects the broader realignment in U.S. EV manufacturing. As newer players collapse, survivors like Lucid capitalize — gaining assets, talent, and time.

Pratt & Whitney Strike Negotiations Resume After Three-Week Work Stoppage

Pratt & Whitney

Pratt Whitney strike negotiations will restart on May 22nd as the aerospace manufacturer seeks to resolve a labor dispute affecting 3,000 union machinists in Connecticut. The Pratt Whitney strike entered its third week on Monday, disrupting operations at critical facilities supporting both commercial and defense aircraft engine programs while the company navigates ongoing GTF fleet management challenges.

Labor Dispute Centers on Wage and Benefit Package Disagreements

Pratt Whitney strike actions began May 5th when International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers (IAMAW) members rejected the company's contract proposal. Workers claimed the three-year offer inadequately addressed key demands despite including a 10.5% general wage increase, $5,000 ratification bonus, and enhanced pension multiplier provisions. The rejection reflects broader aerospace industry labor tensions amid post-pandemic recovery and inflation pressures.

Meanwhile, the work stoppage impacts Pratt Whitney facilities in East Hartford and Middletown that support critical engine manufacturing and maintenance operations. These Connecticut facilities play essential roles in commercial aviation and defense aerospace supply chains. The strike timing creates additional operational complexity as the company manages existing GTF engine fleet challenges requiring extensive rework programs.

Production Impact Threatens Airbus Supply Chain

However, uncertainty surrounds potential disruptions to production and delivery schedules for key customers including Airbus. The European airframer depends on Pratt Whitney's PW1100G-JM geared turbofan engines for its popular A320neo aircraft family. Any extended production delays could cascade through commercial aviation supply chains already strained by post-pandemic recovery demands and order backlogs.

Therefore, the strike compounds existing challenges for Pratt Whitney's GTF fleet management plan aimed at reducing grounded aircraft requiring rework. The company continues addressing technical issues that have affected GTF engine reliability and maintenance intervals. Labor disruptions during this critical period could further delay resolution of fleet-wide technical challenges affecting airline operations globally.

Aerospace Industry Labor Relations Under Pressure

Furthermore, the Pratt Whitney labor dispute reflects broader tensions within aerospace manufacturing as companies balance competitive pressures with workforce demands. RTX subsidiary operations face increased scrutiny over worker compensation and benefits amid strong defense and commercial aerospace market conditions. Successful resolution could establish precedents for other aerospace labor negotiations across the industry.

As a result, resumed negotiations represent crucial opportunities for both parties to reach agreements that ensure operational continuity while addressing legitimate worker concerns. The aerospace industry's skilled workforce shortage makes retaining experienced machinists essential for meeting production targets and quality standards. Labor stability becomes increasingly important as the sector manages complex supply chain challenges and expanding order books.

The Metalnomist Commentary

The Pratt Whitney strike highlights how labor relations increasingly influence aerospace supply chain stability, particularly as the industry navigates post-pandemic recovery while managing complex technical challenges like the GTF fleet issues. Successful resolution of this dispute will be closely watched by other aerospace manufacturers facing similar workforce pressures and could set important precedents for balancing competitive cost structures with employee compensation expectations in a skilled labor market.

US Strikes Escalate Middle East Tensions, Impacting Global Supply Chains

President Donald Trump

The United States has dramatically escalated the conflict in the Middle East. US forces conducted airstrikes on three Iranian nuclear facilities. President Donald Trump confirmed these strikes on Saturday evening.

Unprecedented Strikes on Key Iranian Nuclear Sites

The US action marks a significant turning point. US bombers targeted the Fordow, Natanz, and Isfahan nuclear sites. Fordow is a heavily fortified underground facility. Natanz and Isfahan are also critical to Iran's nuclear program. These facilities have faced Israeli strikes since June 13. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) had warned about potential nuclear safety hazards. It cautioned against targeting Iran's Bushehr nuclear power plant. Washington-based military experts believe only the US Air Force possesses the munitions to destroy Fordow effectively. This direct US involvement deeply impacts global supply chains.

Geopolitical Ramifications for Commodities and Shipping

The US involvement in the Israel-Iran war is a watershed moment. President Trump previously criticized US military adventures. However, he now claims eliminating Iran's nuclear program justifies US involvement. The markets are closely watching Tehran's reaction. Iran's 2.5 million b/d of crude, condensate, and products exports are immediately at stake. These exports primarily head to China. Furthermore, oil markets fear contagion. Retaliatory attacks could jeopardize shipping through the Strait of Hormuz. This choke point is vulnerable for global oil flow. Around 17 million b/d, or a quarter of seaborne oil trade, passes through it.

Rising geopolitical tensions frequently cause commodity prices to surge. Gold prices have already increased significantly. Silver and platinum have also seen gains. Supply chain disruptions are a major concern. The Middle East conflict poses risks for various industrial sectors. This includes critical minerals, vital for many industries. Therefore, instability in this region affects global trade.

The Metalnomist Commentary

The direct US involvement in strikes on Iranian nuclear facilities introduces new levels of uncertainty for global industrial supply chains. Beyond the immediate impact on oil, the long-term implications for critical mineral flows and broader logistics cannot be overstated. Businesses must now brace for potential disruptions and reassess their sourcing strategies.

Novelis to Close Two US Aluminum Facilities Amid Strategic Portfolio Consolidation

Novelis

Novelis Shutters Richmond and Fairmont Plants, Affecting Over 250 Jobs

US-based aluminum rolling giant Novelis will close two of its aluminum facilities in the US as part of a broader portfolio consolidation. The Richmond, Virginia, plant will cease operations by May 30, while the Fairmont, West Virginia, site will shut down by June 30, according to a company spokesperson. The closures will affect more than 250 workers, as indicated in Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification (WARN) filings.

The Richmond site produces aluminum rolled sheet used primarily in the building and construction sector. Meanwhile, the Fairmont plant supplies sheet and light gauge fin/foil products to both domestic and international markets. Novelis has not yet disclosed where the affected production volumes may be redirected.

Uncertainty Over Tariff Impact and Supply Chain Adjustments

While Novelis did not attribute the closures directly to tariffs, the decision follows recent trade policy changes. The US Commerce Department in March added canned beer and empty aluminum cans to the list of aluminum products now subject to a 25% tariff. This expansion of aluminum trade restrictions has stirred concerns within the US packaging and metals industries.

The company has also declined to clarify whether production will shift to other US sites or move abroad. Analysts are closely monitoring whether this consolidation signals deeper shifts in Novelis' US manufacturing footprint or its evolving supply chain strategy.

Broader Implications for the US Aluminum Sector

These closures come amid heightened scrutiny of global aluminum trade flows, particularly involving Chinese overcapacity and retaliatory trade measures. As US-based firms reevaluate production economics, facility consolidation may become more common.

The aluminum rolling industry is capital-intensive, and margin pressures from construction and packaging demand fluctuations are significant. Novelis’ action could be a harbinger of a reshuffling of North American flat-rolled capacity in response to policy, demand, and cost headwinds.

The Metalnomist Commentary

Novelis’ consolidation reflects deeper tensions in the aluminum sector, balancing plant economics, demand variability, and trade pressures. As the US doubles down on tariffs, manufacturers face growing challenges in justifying capacity retention. The next moves from Novelis—and its rivals—will likely shape the trajectory of rolled aluminum supply in North America.

Metlen's Strategic Expansion: A New Era in Alumina and Gallium Production

Metlen

Greek conglomerate Metlen, previously known as Mytilineos, is set to revolutionize its production capabilities with a significant investment that marks its entry as one of the EU's first gallium producers while simultaneously enhancing its alumina output.

Enhancing Alumina Production and Introducing Gallium

Metlen has announced a massive €295.5 million investment in Agios Nikolaos, central Greece. This funding will drive the development of new bauxite mines, modernization of existing alumina production facilities, and the establishment of new gallium production units. The project is a strategic move to increase Metlen's alumina production from 865,000 tonnes to 1.27 million tonnes annually and initiate gallium production at a rate of 50 tonnes per year.

Boosting European Supply Chains and Reducing Dependency

This investment comes at a crucial time as European gallium prices have surged due to recent restrictions on Chinese exports to the US. Metlen's initiative aims to position Greece as a leading supplier of gallium outside China, enhancing the EU's strategic autonomy in critical raw materials. The new facilities will not only diversify the supply sources but also reduce Europe's dependency on external suppliers, addressing the vulnerability exposed by China's export controls.

Timeline and Future Outlook

Metlen plans to kick off bauxite production next year, with the expanded alumina and new gallium facilities expected to be operational by 2027. Full-scale production is projected to commence by 2028, significantly boosting Greece’s role in the global metals market.

Tower Semiconductor Expands SiPho and SiGe Capacity to Meet AI Data Center Demand

Tower Semiconductor

Tower Semiconductor accelerates silicon photonics (SiPho) and silicon germanium (SiGe) capacity expansion following record first-quarter revenue from these advanced semiconductor technologies. The Israel-based foundry invests $350 million to repurpose fabrication facilities across Israel, Texas, and Japan to meet surging demand. Tower Semiconductor SiPho and SiGe production ramp directly supports AI data center infrastructure expansion and next-generation optical communications systems requiring specialized semiconductor materials.

Fabrication Facility Utilization Rises Across Global Manufacturing Network

Tower Semiconductor operates multiple fabrication facilities at varying utilization rates to optimize SiPho and SiGe production capacity across its global network. Fab 2 currently runs at 55% utilization while building SiGe capacity, with available space awaiting customer qualification processes. Meanwhile, Fab 3 operates at 80% capacity, Fab 5 reaches 65% utilization driven by high-voltage power management demand, and Fab 7 exceeds its 85% model at full capacity.

The company's Fab 9 facility operates at 70% utilization as SiPho and SiGe expansion continues across the production line. Tower relocated 300mm wafer production for mobile handsets to its shared facility in Agrate, Italy with STMicroelectronics. As a result, this strategic move frees additional capacity at Fab 7 in Japan for new SiGe and SiPho 300mm products targeting data center applications.

AI Infrastructure Drives Silicon Photonics Technology Adoption

Silicon photonics technology increasingly displaces conventional indium phosphide (InP) based electro-absorption modulated lasers in high-speed data communications applications. SiPho solutions now serve 800 gigabit per second speeds and are ramping to 1.6 terabits per second for AI data center requirements. However, some optical component manufacturers develop hybrid SiPho technologies integrating InP materials for enhanced performance capabilities.

Tower Semiconductor collaborates with Chinese data center optics manufacturer Innolight Technology and US-based OpenLight Photonics on advanced SiPho development projects. OpenLight processes InP materials directly on SiPho wafers using Tower's PH18DA platform, reducing costs and time for laser integration. Therefore, these partnerships accelerate Tower Semiconductor SiPho technology advancement while expanding customer applications across global markets.

Radio frequency infrastructure business growth stems from data center and AI expansions requiring SiPho and SiGe technologies for optical fiber communications. SiGe demand increases strongly through continued adoption for transimpedance amplifiers and drivers in optical modules. Consequently, Tower expects significant long-term SiGe adoption in satellite terrestrial receivers and low-noise amplifiers for advanced handset applications.

The Metalnomist Commentary

Tower Semiconductor's strategic capacity expansion for SiPho and SiGe technologies positions the company at the intersection of AI infrastructure growth and advanced semiconductor materials demand. The shift toward silicon-based photonics solutions reduces reliance on traditional III-V materials like indium phosphide while creating new opportunities for specialized semiconductor manufacturing capabilities that support next-generation data center and telecommunications infrastructure requirements.

Century Aluminum Sees Q2 Shipment Decline, Anticipates Q3 Recovery Boost

Century Aluminum, a leading producer of primary aluminum, reported a decrease in shipments for the second quarter, though it remains optimistic about a rebound in the third quarter. The company expects that higher aluminum prices and increased demand for domestic billet products will drive recovery, despite a drop in overall production.

In the second quarter, Century Aluminum's shipments fell to 167,908 metric tonnes (t), down from 173,649t during the same period last year. The decline was felt across all operations, including its key U.S. facilities in Sebree, Kentucky, and Mt. Holly, South Carolina. Combined, these facilities shipped 93,805t in the quarter, a decrease from 97,224t in the previous year. The company's Icelandic smelter at Grundartangi also saw a drop in primary aluminum shipments, falling to 74,103t from 76,425t a year ago.

Despite the downturn, Century Aluminum's Sebree facility operated at full capacity, producing at 100% of its 220,000t annual capacity. Mt. Holly operated at 75% of its 230,000t annual capacity, while the Grundartangi plant maintained 100% of its 320,000t annual capacity.

During the quarter, the U.S. Department of Commerce imposed preliminary anti-dumping duties on billet imports from 14 countries, which Century Aluminum believes will spur domestic demand. The company’s Sebree and Mt. Holly plants have a combined billet and slab capacity of 295,000t annually, and the decision is expected to provide significant support to these operations.

In addition to market dynamics, Century Aluminum noted that alumina prices are currently at a two-year high, driven by supply disruptions in Australia and increased regulation in China. These factors have pushed the cost of alumina, a key input for aluminum production, to account for a higher percentage of production costs than usual.

In the third quarter, Century’s Jamalco alumina refinery in Jamaica faced disruptions due to Hurricane Beryl, though operations have since stabilized at 80% of the refinery’s 1.2 million lbs/year capacity. However, damage to the main export port in Clarendon Parish forced the company to reroute shipments and declare force majeure on alumina deliveries.

Financially, Century Aluminum reported a 2.5% drop in second-quarter revenue to $561 million, with a loss of $6.7 million, a sharp contrast to the $6.6 million profit recorded in the same period last year.

U.S. Expands Sanctions on Russia, Targeting Vanadium Supply Chain

In its continued efforts to limit Russia's revenue from the metals and mining sector, the U.S. government has introduced new sanctions specifically targeting Russia's vanadium supply chain. This latest round of sanctions, announced by the U.S. Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) on Friday, impacts nearly 400 entities across multiple industries, with a particular focus on the operations connected to global steelmaker Evraz Group.

Key Facilities Targeted

The sanctions notably affect several of Evraz's critical vanadium production facilities, including the Kachkanarski Gorno Obogatitelny Kombinat (KGOK), Nizhnetagilski Metallurgicheski Kombinat (NTMK), and Vanadi Tula. These sites are essential to Russia's vanadium production, which plays a crucial role in the manufacture of high-strength steel and various other industrial applications.

Evraz's operations involve mining vanadium-bearing iron ore at KGOK and producing vanadium-rich slag as a by-product at NTMK. The Vanadi Tula facility processes this slag into vanadium pentoxide (V2O5), a key intermediary for producing high-grade ferro-vanadium and vanadium metal, both critical in industrial and aerospace applications.

Uncertain Impact on U.S. Supplies

While these sanctions are designed to disrupt Russia's vanadium supply chain, it remains uncertain how much they will affect domestic U.S. supplies. The U.S. does not directly import vanadium from Russia, and the "significant transformation" rule enforced by U.S. Customs and Border Protection allows foreign producers using Russian materials to export alloys to the U.S., provided these materials undergo substantial processing.

Concerns Over Sanctions Evasion

The OFAC statement also addressed potential concerns about sanctions evasion by Russian entities. The U.S. Treasury Department emphasized its readiness to counter "new evasion channels," which could lead to increased scrutiny over the origin of vanadium products. This is particularly critical for sectors like aerospace, where the integrity of vanadium-aluminum alloys is essential.

BMW Partners with Redwood to Recycle Lithium-Ion Batteries

Redwood

BMW Group has entered into a partnership with US-based battery recycler Redwood Materials to recycle lithium-ion batteries from electric vehicles (EVs) in the automaker's portfolio. Under the deal, announced Monday, Redwood will gain access to over 700 BMW Group locations across the United States, including dealerships, distribution centers, and internal facilities, to source end-of-life batteries.

Expanding Battery Recycling Operations

Redwood highlighted its proximity to BMW's Spartanburg and Woodruff manufacturing plants in South Carolina, where one of its two campuses is located. Both companies are committed to establishing significant recycling operations in the area. BMW has aggressive plans to produce at least six electric vehicle models in the US by 2030, with a $1 billion investment to retrofit its Spartanburg plant to produce electric SUVs by 2026. Additionally, the nearby Woodruff facility will support Spartanburg by supplying batteries from its new $700 million battery assembly plant, expected to be operational by 2026.

This collaboration with BMW adds to Redwood's growing network of partnerships with automakers and battery manufacturers. In May, Redwood entered a deal with Ultium, a joint venture between General Motors and LG Chem, to recycle production waste from two facilities, which are expected to generate 10,000 metric tonnes of cathode and anode scrap annually.

US-Australia rare earths investment targets critical minerals security

US-Australia rare earths Investment

The US-Australia rare earths investment is emerging as a flagship effort to reduce reliance on China’s critical minerals supply. Under a new bilateral deal, Washington and Canberra will each co-invest at least $1bn in priority projects over the next six months. As a result, the US-Australia rare earths investment will anchor an $8.5bn pipeline of mines, refineries and midstream assets across both countries.

US-Australia rare earths investment anchors $8.5bn project pipeline

The US-Australia rare earths investment centres on co-funding processing and refining capacity rather than just upstream mining. Initial commitments include around $200mn of support for a 100 t/yr gallium plant in Western Australia, adjacent to Alcoa’s Wagerup alumina refinery. Canberra has also approved a fresh $100mn equity injection into Arafura Rare Earths’ Nolans project, taking total state support for that asset above A$1bn.

Meanwhile, the US Export-Import Bank has signalled potential co-funding of up to $2.2bn for seven Australian developers. These include Northern Minerals, Graphinex, La Trobe Magnesium and VHM, which have received non-binding letters of intent. Together, these facilities could accelerate timelines for rare earths, gallium, graphite, magnesium and other strategic materials. The US-Australia rare earths investment therefore acts as a capital de-risking tool for projects that struggle with high upfront costs.

US-Australia rare earths investment reshapes pricing, permitting and project risk

The agreement also extends beyond direct finance, targeting structural barriers around pricing and permitting. Both governments will work through a new US-Australia Critical Minerals Supply Security Response Group to identify priority materials and address supply vulnerabilities. They have pledged to fast-track approvals and to explore pricing frameworks, including floors, to reduce price opacity and volatility in critical mineral markets.

Industry leaders argue that this support tackles a key bottleneck. Australian developers often face weak bankability because contract prices for rare earths and battery metals remain highly volatile. At the IMARC conference in Sydney, Arafura’s chief financial officer highlighted how the deal signals serious government commitment to resilient value chains. Likewise, Critical Minerals Queensland noted that price instability has historically discouraged investment, even when project geology is attractive.

The US-Australia rare earths investment also dovetails with domestic regulatory reforms. Western Australia recently released draft permitting changes that would enable a state “co-ordinator general” to shepherd priority projects through multiple agencies. This institutional support could shorten timelines for mines, refineries and midstream facilities feeding the bilateral critical minerals alliance. In parallel, industry groups such as the Minerals Council of Australia say the deal underscores Australia’s strategic role in future-facing sectors.

The Metalnomist Commentary

This agreement marks a shift from rhetoric to structured capital in the critical minerals space, with clear project pipelines and named beneficiaries. If pricing floors and permitting acceleration materialise, Australia could move from “potential supplier” to cornerstone hub for rare earths and allied materials. The next test will be whether these public commitments crowd in sufficient private capital to deliver bankable, on-time projects at scale.

Novelis and Thyssenkrupp Forge Aerospace Aluminum Supply Deal

Novelis

Strategic Partnership to Enhance Global Aerospace Supply Chains

Novelis and Thyssenkrupp have entered a multi-year agreement. Novelis will supply aerospace-grade aluminum. This includes plates and sheets. Thyssenkrupp's distribution segment will receive the materials. Novelis will provide flat products. These products come from its Koblenz, Germany, and Zhenjiang, China, facilities. Thyssenkrupp's Supply Chain Solutions' aerospace segment will benefit. Deliveries will go to Thyssenkrupp locations in Europe and Asia. 

Novelis acquired the Koblenz and Zhenjiang plants. This acquisition occurred through the Aleris Rolled Products buyout. The buyout closed in April 2020. The Koblenz plant has a 150,000 metric ton capacity. This capacity is for semi-finished aluminum products. The Zhenjiang facility has a 250,000 metric ton hot mill capacity. It can produce 35,000 metric tons of commercial plate products. Aerospace aluminum grades are crucial. These grades include 2024, 6061, and 7075. They offer high-strength, lightweight properties. They are vital for energy-efficient aircraft production. These materials are used in wings and fuselages.

Expanding Reach in Key Aerospace Markets

The agreement strengthens both companies' positions. Novelis reinforces its role as a key aluminum supplier. Thyssenkrupp enhances its aerospace supply chain. The partnership targets the growing demand for lightweight materials. This demand is within the aerospace industry. The deal leverages Novelis' production capabilities. It utilizes facilities in both Europe and Asia. It ensures consistent supply for Thyssenkrupp. This collaboration supports the development of more fuel-efficient aircraft.

Boeing defense strike replacement workers plan tests US jet program resilience

Boeing defense strike

Boeing defense strike replacement workers are now central to the company’s response to a protracted machinist walkout. The aerospace group plans to hire permanent staff at key defense facilities where union members have been on strike since early August. As a result, Boeing defense strike replacement workers could shape production stability across several US fighter and tanker programs.

Union standoff drives Boeing defense strike replacement workers strategy

Boeing’s decision to recruit Boeing defense strike replacement workers follows weeks of deadlock with the IAMAW union. More than 3,200 machinists rejected Boeing’s latest four year contract offer and walked out on 4 August. The company insists the proposal is the best local deal it has ever presented to the union.

One of the sharpest flashpoints is a $5,000 ratification bonus that Boeing withdrew after the original offer expired. Striking workers compare this figure with the $12,000 bonus paid to commercial segment staff in 2023. Therefore they see the gap as evidence that defense workers receive weaker recognition despite supporting critical national programs.

Boeing has already posted job openings and scheduled a job fair to attract new recruits. However, the pace of training and certification remains uncertain in a highly specialised aerospace environment. Any delay in qualifying Boeing defense strike replacement workers could prolong disruption rather than resolve it.

Fighter jet programs face execution and supply chain risks

The strike directly affects Boeing’s defense facilities in Missouri and Illinois, which support multiple fighter and unmanned platforms. These sites build and sustain the F 15, F/A 18 and T 7A Red Hawk, as well as the MQ 25 Stingray. Consequently, extended labour unrest and reliance on Boeing defense strike replacement workers could ripple through US and allied air forces.

To keep lines running, Boeing has already redeployed non union staff from other locations into the affected plants. This move preserves minimal operations but may not match the productivity and institutional knowledge of long serving machinists. Meanwhile, program partners and defense customers will watch for schedule slippage, cost increases and quality concerns.

The company now faces a complex trade off between preserving bargaining leverage and protecting critical delivery milestones. If talks remain frozen, the longer term cost of higher turnover and training may outweigh any near term wage savings. Therefore, management and union leaders both carry responsibility for avoiding damage to high profile defense exports and readiness.

The Metalnomist Commentary

Boeing’s labour standoff shows how concentrated skills and tight defense timelines amplify industrial relations risk. For governments and suppliers, this episode underscores the need to diversify production, deepen talent pipelines and strengthen crisis playbooks. If Boeing resolves the dispute while protecting quality, the outcome could redefine labour strategy across the wider aerospace sector.

Banchao Magnesium Builds New Magnesium Plant in Xinjiang’s Hami City

Magnesium

Expansion Targets 2026 Launch Amid Growing Regional Output

Xinjiang Banchao Magnesium has started building a new magnesium plant in Hami, a key resource hub in northwest China’s Xinjiang province. Construction began on 1 March and is scheduled for completion by the end of 2025, with production expected in 2026.

The facility is designed to produce 20,000 tonnes/year of magnesium metal and 30,000 tonnes/year of magnesium alloy. The project reflects rising demand for lightweight metals used in automotive, aerospace, and green energy applications.

Banchao Magnesium is a subsidiary of Xinjiang Banchao, active in coal and non-ferrous metals mining as well as solar and wind power generation.

Xinjiang’s Magnesium Output Rises Sharply in 2024

The new Hami plant adds to Banchao’s five existing facilities, which already produce 20,000 t/yr of magnesium metal, 1.2 million t/yr of carbon products, and 600,000 t/yr of coke.

According to the China Nonferrous Metals Industry Association (CNMA), China’s magnesium metal output reached 953,100 tonnes in 2024, marking a 16% year-on-year increase.

Xinjiang province alone produced 86,300 tonnes, up 26% year-on-year, thanks to its rich dolomite and coal reserves—essential inputs for magnesium smelting. Most of the region’s magnesium facilities are concentrated in Hami due to resource accessibility and industrial infrastructure.

Xinjiang Jinsheng Also Expands Magnesium Capacity

Another local producer, Xinjiang Jinsheng, is constructing phase two of its Hami plant, adding 35,000 t/yr of capacity. Construction started in April 2024, with production scheduled for 2026.

Jinsheng’s first-phase plant, operational since 2011, reached full utilization in 2024, producing 20,000 tonnes/year. This continued regional investment reinforces Xinjiang’s strategic position in China's magnesium supply chain.

As global industries seek lightweight, sustainable metals, Xinjiang’s magnesium sector is poised for further growth.

GE Aerospace to Invest $1 Billion in Global MRO Expansion

GE Aerospace, a leading global aircraft engine manufacturer, is set to embark on a significant investment initiative to expand its Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul (MRO) facilities worldwide, including a notable development in Seoul. GE Aerospace plans to inject over $1 billion into its global MRO and aircraft engine component repair operations over the next five years.

This investment aims to bolster GE Aerospace’s capabilities in response to the growth of both narrowbody and widebody aircraft markets. The funds will be directed towards establishing additional engine test cells and acquiring advanced equipment, which will enhance maintenance efficiencies. The initiative also includes the adoption of cutting-edge technologies to improve inspection processes, thereby reducing aircraft engine maintenance times and expanding the repair capabilities of its service centers.

A significant portion of this investment will be allocated to meet the rising demand for the CFM LEAP engine. With over 3,300 aircraft currently equipped with LEAP engines, the model continues to gain market traction, supported by a backlog exceeding 10,000 units. This trend indicates a substantial increase in the global fleet of commercial aircraft.

The immediate focus for this year includes a substantial investment in the development of a new Service Technology Acceleration Center (STAC) near Cincinnati, Ohio. Scheduled to open in September 2024, the STAC will facilitate the rapid detection of emerging issues and accelerate the implementation of innovative service systems, such as advanced inspection technologies, aimed at reducing aircraft downtime.

Globally, GE Aerospace will allocate $250 million this year to expand its MRO facilities, invest in new equipment and tooling, and enhance safety measures. Investment plans include:

▶ United States : $65 million (Cincinnati, Ohio; McAllen, Texas; Lafayette, Indiana; Dallas, Texas; Winfield, Kansas)

▶ South America : $55 million (Petropolis, Brazil)

▶ Europe and the Middle East : $60 million (Budapest, Hungary; Prestwick, Scotland; London, UK; Cardiff, Wales; Wroclaw, Poland; Doha, Qatar; Dubai, UAE)

▶ Asia-Pacific : $45 million (Singapore; Taipei, Taiwan; Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Seoul, South Korea)

Russell Stokes, CEO of GE Aerospace’s Commercial Engines and Services division, commented, “In light of the growing demand for air travel, GE Aerospace is investing in capabilities and efficiencies needed to maintain the safety and reliability of our customers' aircraft. This investment will further enhance our long-standing commitment to safety, quality, and timely delivery, benefiting both our customers and their passengers.”