Yunnan Germanium Recycling Project Targets Feedstock Security for Strategic Metal Supply

Germanium Scrap

Yunnan Germanium recycling project plans will strengthen China’s largest germanium producer’s control over feedstock as demand from downstream high-end manufacturing remains strategically important. The company plans to invest 200.66mn yuan in a fully automated facility to process germanium-bearing waste slag.

The Yunnan Germanium recycling project will have capacity to process 150,000 t/yr of germanium-bearing waste slag. The company has not disclosed the construction timetable or launch date.

The Yunnan Germanium recycling project is designed to improve germanium resource utilisation and support raw material supply for downstream deep-processing products. This matters because germanium is a strategic minor metal used in defence, infrared optics, fibre optics, semiconductors and high-performance electronics.

The project also reflects a broader industry shift. Producers of critical and minor metals are increasingly trying to secure secondary feedstock as primary supply becomes more politically controlled and price volatility rises.

Recycling Capacity Reduces Dependence on External Raw Materials

Yunnan Germanium said partial reliance on externally sourced raw materials exposes it to germanium price volatility. Prices are influenced by global supply-demand conditions and demand from high-end manufacturing sectors.

The new recycling line should help reduce that exposure. By processing waste slag, the company can recover more germanium units from secondary material and support its downstream production chain.

This is strategically important because Yunnan Germanium already consumes significant germanium internally. In 2025, the company produced 29.7t of raw-material-grade germanium metal equivalent for external sales, excluding 68.95t used for internal consumption and third-party processing.

That internal use shows how the company is moving more material into higher-value products rather than selling all output into the merchant market. Recycling can strengthen that model by expanding available feedstock.

Yunnan Germanium also plans to diversify external suppliers of germanium-bearing waste slag. It will seek medium- to long-term supply agreements with quality provisions and emergency replenishment clauses.

The company also plans to build a raw material inventory reserve and a price-alert mechanism. It will adjust production and inventory strategies when germanium prices move by more than 10%.

These measures show a more disciplined approach to minor-metal procurement. In markets such as germanium, small disruptions can produce large price movements because supply is concentrated and liquidity is limited.

Export Controls Increase Strategic Value of Germanium Recovery

Germanium has become more strategically sensitive since China placed the metal under strict dual-use export controls in September 2023. China accounts for an estimated 60-70% of global germanium capacity.

This gives Chinese producers significant influence over global availability. It also makes domestic resource recovery more valuable, especially when export controls, defence demand and semiconductor-related applications increase policy attention.

Yunnan Germanium’s revenue rose to 1.07bn yuan in 2025 from 767mn yuan in 2024. Higher prices for key products, including raw-material-grade germanium, supported the increase despite lower external raw metal output.

The company’s recycling investment therefore supports both security and profitability. More stable feedstock access can improve operating flexibility when prices rise or external raw material supply tightens.

For downstream customers, the project may improve Yunnan Germanium’s ability to supply deeper-processed products. These include materials linked to optics, fibre communication, photovoltaics, infrared systems and compound semiconductors.

The broader market implication is clear. Germanium supply security will depend not only on mine output or primary production, but also on recycling, waste recovery, inventory control and long-term feedstock agreements.

The Metalnomist Commentary

Yunnan Germanium’s recycling plan shows that strategic minor metals are moving toward closed-loop resource control. In germanium, the advantage will belong to producers that can combine primary supply, secondary recovery and downstream processing under one feedstock strategy.

Yunnan Germanium Output Falls as Downstream Wafer Demand Absorbs Metal

Germanium

Yunnan Germanium output of raw material-grade germanium available for external sales fell in 2025 as the company redirected more metal into internal downstream production. The shift reflects stronger demand from photovoltaic wafers, optical fibre materials and compound semiconductor products.

Yunnan Germanium output for external raw material-grade germanium sales fell by 13% to 29.7t metal equivalent. The figure excludes 68.95t used for internal consumption and third-party processing.

Yunnan Germanium output therefore signals a change in material allocation rather than simple production weakness. More germanium units are being retained inside the company’s higher-value product chain instead of being sold as raw material.

Revenue rose by 38% to 1.07bn yuan, supported by higher prices for raw germanium, optical fibre materials, PV germanium products, infrared products and semiconductor products.

PV and Optical Fibre Demand Pull Germanium Into Internal Processing

Yunnan Germanium nearly doubled production of 4-6 inch PV-grade germanium wafers in 2025. Output rose to 909,000 pieces from 491,400 pieces a year earlier.

This growth is strategically important because germanium wafers serve high-efficiency photovoltaic applications. Stronger wafer output means more raw germanium is being converted into higher-value products rather than sold into the merchant market.

Optical fibre materials also expanded. Output of optical fibre-grade germanium tetrachloride rose to 39.8t from 27t, showing stronger demand from communications infrastructure and optical transmission markets.

Infrared-grade germanium raw material output fell by 28% to 4.77t metal equivalent. However, production of infrared lenses and optical systems rose sharply to 4,717 sets from 1,828 sets.

That mix shows deeper downstream processing. The company reduced some raw infrared material output but increased finished optical systems, capturing more value further along the chain.

For germanium buyers, the key issue is external availability. When China’s largest germanium producer consumes more material internally, less raw metal is available for third-party customers.

Indium Phosphide Expansion Strengthens Compound Semiconductor Push

Yunnan Germanium also increased indium phosphide wafer output in 2025. Production of 2-4 inch InP wafers rose by 55% to 100,100 pieces.

In contrast, gallium arsenide wafer production declined by 13% to 76,300 pieces. This shows a shift in compound semiconductor emphasis toward InP, where demand is rising from advanced optical and semiconductor applications.

The company plans to keep increasing PV-grade germanium wafer and indium phosphide wafer output in 2026. It also plans to reduce infrared product output.

Yunnan Germanium targets 73t metal equivalent of raw material-grade germanium products in 2026, including internal use and third-party processing. It also plans to produce 1.45mn pieces of 4-6 inch equivalent PV-grade wafers and 180,000 pieces of 2-6 inch InP wafers.

The company also plans to produce 35t of optical fibre-grade germanium tetrachloride, 80,000 pieces of 3-6 inch GaAs wafers, 3t of infrared-grade germanium raw materials and 8,000 sets of infrared lenses and optical systems.

The planned 188.56mn yuan investment to expand high-quality InP single-crystal wafer capacity reinforces this strategy. Yunnan Germanium is moving from raw germanium supply toward integrated semiconductor and photonics material production.

The Metalnomist Commentary

Yunnan Germanium’s lower external metal output should not be read as weak demand. It shows that strategic germanium producers are capturing more value internally, tightening merchant supply while expanding into PV, optical fibre and InP wafer markets.

US Germanium Refining Expansion Gains Strategic Momentum with 5N Plus Award

5N Plus

US germanium refining expansion gained new momentum after the Department of Defense awarded $18.1mn to 5N Plus. The funding will support capacity growth at the company’s St George facility in Utah. This US germanium refining expansion targets higher recovery of metal from industrial waste. As a result, the project could strengthen domestic germanium supply for strategic applications.

The award matters because germanium remains a critical bottleneck material in the United States. The metal is essential for infrared optics, fibre-optic communication, satellite solar cells, and semiconductor uses. Meanwhile, the Pentagon sees domestic germanium production as a high-priority industrial base issue. Therefore, US germanium refining expansion now carries both commercial and defense significance.

5N Plus plans to scale output gradually through 2030. The company aims to produce 20 t/yr of high-purity germanium from recycling and recovery streams. That volume could satisfy a significant share of US demand. Consequently, 5N Plus germanium refining may become an important pillar of domestic supply resilience.

Domestic Germanium Supply Still Faces a Clear Strategic Gap

Domestic germanium supply remains limited compared with US consumption needs. In 2024, the United States imported both germanium metal and germanium dioxide. That import dependence exposes critical industries to external supply shocks. Therefore, expanding local refining capacity has become a strategic necessity.

China’s dominance explains why this matters so much. China controls most global germanium supply and introduced export controls in 2023. Those restrictions tightened non-Chinese availability and pushed prices to record highs. As a result, US germanium refining expansion is now part of a broader effort to reduce supply concentration risk.

The St George project also focuses on a practical route to growth. Recycling and industrial waste recovery can add supply faster than waiting for new mines. That makes the project more realistic in the near term. Meanwhile, it supports a more circular domestic materials chain.

Germanium Recycling Is Becoming a Defense Supply Chain Priority

Germanium recycling is no longer a niche topic in specialty materials. It is becoming a priority for industrial resilience and weapons platform support. The Department of Defense said refining capacity is a key bottleneck affecting critical military systems. Therefore, this award targets a weak point in the US defense materials base.

The project also carries policy importance beyond its size. It is the first investment made by the Defense Production Act Purchases Office in fiscal 2026. That suggests germanium now sits near the front of current critical minerals action. Consequently, 5N Plus germanium refining may become a reference case for future specialty metal support.

The wider message is clear. Supply security now depends on refining and recovery as much as on raw material access. A stronger domestic germanium chain can support semiconductors, communications, and defense applications at the same time. Therefore, US germanium refining expansion matters far beyond one facility in Utah.

The Metalnomist Commentary

This is a small-tonnage project with outsized strategic value. Germanium is one of those specialty metals where refining capacity matters more than headline volume. If 5N Plus executes well, this award could mark an important shift in how the US rebuilds critical material security.

Yusheng germanium production resumes amid tight feedstocks and soft demand

Yusheng germanium

Yusheng germanium production has resumed in China after a month-long halt caused by mine security checks. Yusheng germanium production is ramping back up at a 50 t/yr capacity, but constrained feedstocks and low downstream demand still dominate market sentiment. As a result, Yusheng germanium production is returning to the market in a fragile balance between cost pressures and weak infrared sector consumption.

Feedstock constraints and price hike shape Yusheng germanium production

Guangxi Yusheng halted operations in early September after a security check at its Guizhou zinc and lead mine. The inspection disrupted feedstock supply and forced a pause in germanium output at the 50 t/yr facility. Now, the company has restarted production but faces low inventory levels.

Yusheng has raised its germanium sales price by 5pc on resumption. The producer cites tight stocks and firm feedstock costs as the main drivers. However, many buyers question whether the market can absorb higher prices. Demand from the infrared applications sector remains notably weak.

Some participants expect prices to hold rather than rise further. Firm concentrate and intermediate prices could support the floor, even as end-use demand struggles. In this environment, Yusheng germanium production acts more as a stabilising presence than a bullish catalyst.

Export controls weigh on germanium demand and trade flows

China has tightened export controls on downstream germanium infrared products since June. These products are treated as dual-use items with both civilian and military applications. The controls restrict the flow of value-added germanium components into global markets.

Last year, strong defence and security demand drove a surge in germanium consumption. Escalating geopolitical tensions boosted orders for infrared optics and other military-linked uses. Now, stricter controls are curbing that channel, adding another headwind to germanium demand.

As a result, domestic producers must navigate a market where feedstock remains firm, but downstream orders are cautious and policy constrained. For Yusheng, the challenge is to balance stable operations with a realistic view of off-take in sensitive end-use segments.

The Metalnomist Commentary

Yusheng’s restart underscores how policy, security checks and strategic controls now shape germanium more than classic supply–demand cycles. Tight feedstocks and export restrictions create a floor under prices, but weak infrared demand caps upside. For investors and suppliers, the germanium market is increasingly a geopolitical barometer, not just a specialty metals niche.

China’s Gallium Expansion Slows as Germanium Supply Diversifies: Key Market Insights

China Nonferrous Metals Industry Association (CNMA)

The Chinese gallium (Ga) production expansion has encountered significant hurdles, while germanium (Ge) supply sources are increasingly diversifying to mitigate feedstock shortages. According to Li Yilan, a senior analyst at the China Nonferrous Metals Industry Association (CNMA), the pace of new gallium production projects in China has slowed due to decreasing Ga content in bauxite, the primary feedstock for gallium extraction. As a result, many production projects have been delayed, and some that did launch have scaled back or halted operations altogether. However, the diversification of germanium supply chains signals a shift in how the industry is adapting to global demand pressures.

Slowdown in Gallium Production Expansion

China’s gallium output for 2024 is forecast to reach 950 tons, a 14% increase compared to the previous year. Despite this increase, the growth rate of gallium production capacity has slowed considerably. In particular, China’s gallium capacity rose by 40% this year, but the full realization of this capacity has been hindered by difficulties in securing sufficient feedstock from bauxite. The lower Ga content in bauxite has made it harder for producers to maintain a consistent supply of gallium, forcing many projects to delay their timelines or reduce output.

The demand for gallium, particularly from the magnet manufacturing sector (which consumes 46% of the metal), has increased gradually over the past two years. Additionally, the rise in demand for gallium oxide phosphor in electronics has offset the reduced demand from the solar cell sector. This demand shift has been a key factor in the slight increase in Chinese gallium exports, which rose by 35% year-on-year in the first three quarters of 2024, totaling 48.4 tons. This increase is partly due to disruptions in last year’s exports caused by the country’s export control schemes, which limited overseas shipments.

Germanium Supply Diversification and Emerging Markets

While gallium production faces slowdowns, germanium’s supply chain is showing signs of diversification, especially as producers look beyond China for feedstock. Tight feedstock availability in China has prompted several producers to seek alternative sources for germanium. Notably, the Democratic Republic of the Congo’s state-owned mining company, Gecamines, has begun exporting germanium concentrates to Belgium. This move is part of a broader trend of extracting germanium from non-traditional sources, such as copper-cobalt ores in the Congo and coal and nickel in Indonesia. These new extraction routes are expected to increase the overall supply of germanium.

China’s germanium output is projected to exceed 200 tons in 2024, up from 190 tons the previous year. Strong demand from the infrared and solar cell sectors, which use germanium in various applications, has driven prices upward in recent months. However, the rapid rise in prices has caused a significant drop in exports. Between January and September 2024, China exported just 18.8 tons of germanium, a 46% decrease compared to the same period in 2023. Higher prices and more stringent export license procedures have pushed international buyers to explore other sources for germanium, further boosting the trend toward diversified supply.

Conclusion

The global markets for gallium and germanium are undergoing significant shifts, with production challenges in China affecting gallium’s expansion and leading to a diversification of germanium supply chains. While gallium demand remains steady, especially from magnet and phosphor industries, production issues are slowing the pace of growth. On the other hand, germanium's increasing extraction from countries like the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Indonesia is easing the reliance on Chinese supply. The metal markets are adapting, and these dynamics will likely continue to influence pricing and production trends in the coming years.

Yunnan Germanium Increases Production Amid Rising Demand in First Half of 2024

Yunnan Germanium

China's largest germanium producer, Yunnan Germanium, reported a significant rise in production during the first half of 2024. The company attributed this growth to increasing demand from the photovoltaic (PV) and semiconductor sectors, which rely heavily on germanium for critical applications.

Strong Growth in PV and Semiconductor Output

Between January and June, Yunnan Germanium produced 218,300 pieces of PV-grade germanium wafers, a 52% increase from the 143,900 pieces produced during the same period last year. While PV-grade output surged, the company saw a 6% drop in infrared-grade germanium products, which totaled 2.35 tonnes. Production of germanium tetrachloride, used in optical fiber materials, also decreased by 36% to 9.84 tonnes.

The company also experienced growth in other semiconductor products. Its gallium arsenide (GaAs) wafer production jumped 64% to 47,900 pieces, while output of indium phosphide more than doubled, reaching 33,900 pieces, up from 15,300 pieces a year earlier.

Increased Revenue Despite Mixed Results

Despite some declines in specific product lines, Yunnan Germanium's overall revenue grew by 23%, reaching 348 million yuan ($49 million) in the first half of 2024. This was largely due to the increased sales of raw-material-grade germanium, PV-grade germanium products, and semiconductor-related products.

Germanium is a by-product of zinc and lead production. However, many mines have reduced zinc and lead concentrate production due to rising treatment charges, which may impact future germanium supply.

Global Germanium Demand Soars as Buyers Seek New Supply and Alternatives

The U.S. Department of Defense (DoD)

With rising demand for germanium in defense and advanced computing, global consumers are seeking alternatives as China’s export restrictions have tightened supply. Germanium’s applications in artificial intelligence (AI) and autonomous vehicles have driven increased consumption, especially for its use in high-performance computing and infrared optics. AI systems benefit from silicon-germanium's ability to operate at higher frequencies and lower power, making it critical in modern technological advancements.

Germanium Supply Chain Concerns and Strategic Moves

The U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) is actively working to secure a sustainable germanium supply. The DoD has teamed up with LightPath Technologies to replace germanium in some of its applications, especially in optics, in a bid to reduce supply chain vulnerabilities. Meanwhile, other initiatives focus on increasing germanium consumption for defense purposes. The DoD is investing $14.4 million in 5N Plus, a Canadian semiconductor materials firm, to expand its capacity for producing germanium wafers for solar cells, ensuring continued supply for defense and satellite industries.

Producers are also responding to the supply crunch. Companies in Australia and Canada are exploring germanium-rich mining projects, while Hong Kong Sinomine Rare Metals is pushing to commercialize germanium production at its copper smelting line in Namibia. Belgium’s Umicore, meanwhile, has secured a deal with STL1 in the Democratic Republic of Congo to optimize domestic refining of germanium, further diversifying its global supply.

The rising price of germanium is likely to drive more refining and recycling initiatives, unless alternative materials become more widely adopted in its key applications.

Sinomine to Build Copper, Gallium, and Germanium Smelters in Africa: A Strategic Move for Resource Expansion

Sinomine

Chinese diversified mining company Sinomine Resource has announced a bold step in its global resource strategy by unveiling plans to build a copper smelter at its Kitumba mine in Zambia and a germanium/gallium recycling facility at the Tsumeb smelter in Namibia. These investments come as part of Sinomine's ongoing strategy to expand its reach in the mining sector, focusing on copper, germanium, and gallium—key strategic metals for the global market.

Sinomine’s Copper Smelter in Zambia

The first phase of Sinomine’s expansion involves a $562.9 million investment in a new copper smelter at its Kitumba mine in Zambia. The smelter will process 3.5 million tons per year of copper ore, with a production capacity of 60,000 tons per year of copper cathode. The project is set to be completed by late 2026, with a construction period of 1½ years, and will have an expected operating life of 11 years after commissioning. The smelter’s establishment aligns with Sinomine's strategy of expanding its copper resources globally, particularly in Africa, a continent rich in mineral deposits.

Sinomine took control of the Kitumba mine in March and began production in August, marking a significant milestone in its overseas copper operations. The Kitumba project complements Sinomine’s other Zambian ventures, including the commissioning of a second concentrator at the Kasisi copper and gold mine earlier in 2023. This move has significantly increased copper ore processing capacity, further bolstering Sinomine’s growing presence in Zambia.

Expansion in Namibia: Gallium and Germanium Recycling Facility

In addition to copper, Sinomine has also turned its attention to germanium and gallium, two metals that are crucial to industries such as information technology, renewable energy, and aviation. The company is investing $222 million in a multi-metal recycling facility at the Tsumeb smelter in Namibia. The facility will have an annual processing capacity of 200,000 tons and will produce 33 tons per year of zone-melting grade germanium, 11 tons per year of 99.9% industrial-grade gallium, and 10,900 tons per year of zinc. This ambitious project will be built in two phases and is expected to operate for 15 years. However, detailed launch dates are still to be disclosed.

The polymetallic slag at the Tsumeb smelter is estimated to contain substantial quantities of germanium, gallium, and other metals, including zinc and copper, making it an attractive site for advanced metal recycling and extraction. Sinomine’s investment reflects the growing global demand for germanium and gallium, both of which have seen price increases following China’s introduction of export licensing schemes in August 2023. These metals are considered critical for high-tech applications, and their strategic importance has driven companies worldwide to diversify their supply sources.

The Global Significance of Germanium and Gallium

Germanium, used extensively in industries ranging from telecommunications to clean energy, is a strategic resource that is primarily produced in China, which has been reducing its export volume. The global reserves of germanium are estimated at just 8,600 tons, according to the US Geological Survey. Gallium, which is essential for electronics and solar technology, is also in high demand. Sinomine's strategic investments in germanium and gallium facilities will position the company to capitalize on the rising global need for these critical materials, while reducing its reliance on Chinese supply chains.

Conclusion

Sinomine’s investment in copper and multi-metal recycling projects in Zambia and Namibia highlights its forward-thinking approach to securing a diverse range of valuable resources. As global demand for copper, germanium, and gallium grows, Sinomine is positioning itself as a key player in the African mining sector. With an expanding footprint across the continent, the company is set to shape the future of metal production and recycling, supporting industries from renewable energy to electronics.

Korea Zinc germanium supply to Lockheed Martin signals new non-China source

Korea Zinc

Korea Zinc germanium supply to Lockheed Martin marks a strategic breakthrough. The Korea Zinc germanium supply will prioritize Lockheed Martin under a new MoU. As a result, Korea Zinc germanium supply strengthens allied access to a China-constrained material.

Korea Zinc will invest ₩140bn to add germanium at Onsan. The Ulsan plant will produce high-purity germanium dioxide equal to 10 t/yr. That output equals roughly 7–8pc of present global germanium production. The firm targets trial operations in 2027 and full output in early 2028.

China controls 68pc of global germanium production today. Beijing’s 2023 export controls tightened supply and spiked prices. Therefore, US and allied buyers are racing to secure diversified germanium sources.

Lockheed’s priority rights reshape critical minerals procurement

Lockheed will gain priority rights under the MoU framework. The parties will now negotiate a long-term offtake agreement. Priority access helps de-risk defense programs using infrared optics and semiconductors. It also aligns with US policies to localize sensitive supply chains.

Korea Zinc already ships other critical minerals to the US. The firm delivered 20t of antimony to the US in June. Its portfolio also includes iridium and bismuth for high-tech uses.

What 10 t/yr means for defense and photonics demand

Ten tonnes per year can meaningfully support advanced optics. Germanium enables thermal imaging, night vision, and satellite sensors. It also serves fiber-optic and semiconductor applications in data and 5G.

However, end-use demand remains concentrated and quality-sensitive. High-purity germanium dioxide must meet tight infrared specifications. As a result, early 2027 trials will be critical to qualify volumes. Successful qualification would anchor multi-year defense procurement planning.

The Metalnomist Commentary

This deal is small in tonnage but large in signal value. If Onsan meets purity and schedule, expect copycat agreements across allied OEMs. Watch pricing, permit milestones, and wafer-grade yields as leading indicators.

DRC Miner Gecamines Set to Ship First Germanium Concentrates Amid Tight Global Supply

Gecamines

The Democratic Republic of Congo’s (DRC) state-owned mining company, Gécamines, is poised to make its first-ever shipment of germanium concentrates, marking a significant milestone in the global supply chain for this critical mineral. The shipment will be exported to Umicore, a Belgian metals processor, for refining into high-tech downstream products.

A Strategic Move Amid a Global Germanium Crunch

Gécamines’ germanium concentrates are sourced from the Big Hill tailings site in Lubumbashi, a location that holds approximately 10 million tonnes of metal slag. The tailings contain valuable recoverable metals such as zinc, silver, cobalt, and copper, alongside germanium.

The company’s subsidiary, STL, recently established a state-of-the-art hydrometallurgical plant at Lubumbashi to process these tailings. This partnership with Umicore, formalized in May, involves both technological collaboration and an offtake agreement, ensuring a streamlined supply of germanium for the Belgian company.

This development is particularly significant as global germanium availability has been constrained since China, the world’s leading producer, introduced export controls in August 2023. As a result, China’s germanium exports dropped by 56% year-on-year between January and July 2024, totaling just 15,277 kilograms.

Market Dynamics: Rising Demand and Tight Supply

Germanium, a vital mineral for high-tech industries such as semiconductors, fiber optics, and infrared optics, has seen skyrocketing demand. The supply restrictions, coupled with China’s national stockpiling efforts and reduced feedstock from domestic zinc and lead mines, have caused a global supply crunch. Prices for germanium surged dramatically during the summer of 2024, underscoring the urgency for alternative sources.

The shipment from Gécamines and its collaboration with Umicore signals a shift towards diversified germanium sourcing, which could help stabilize the market. By leveraging its Big Hill reserves, the DRC could emerge as a significant player in the critical minerals sector.

ReElement Germanium Recovery Signals New US Supply for Critical Minerals

ReElement

ReElement germanium recovery has achieved 3N–5N purity from recycled and ore feedstocks. The US refiner produced 99.9–99.999pc germanium and plans rapid scale-up. ReElement germanium recovery directly addresses a critically tight non-Chinese supply chain.

Scaling high-purity germanium in the US

ReElement germanium recovery will expand at the Marion, Indiana facility and partner sites. The company targets higher output over the next year. As a result, US manufacturers gain a domestic source of high-purity germanium. This supports defense, telecom and solar supply chains.

Tight global supply creates strategic opening

Global germanium supply remains tight after Chinese export controls. Beijing halted shipments to the US in 2024. Therefore, alternative refining and recycling capacity matters more than ever. ReElement’s multi-feedstock platform reduces dependence on single-country supply.

US demand spans infrared optics, fiber optics and space-grade solar cells. Meanwhile, defense programs require traceable, high-purity inputs. A 4N–5N product slate can meet stringent procurement standards. Price volatility may ease as diversified supplies emerge.

Recycling strengthens material security and sustainability. The process captures germanium from industrial scrap and end-of-life components. Consequently, metallurgical yields rise while waste declines. Circular flows lower import risk and carbon intensity.

Downstream buyers seek assured quality and delivery. ReElement’s roadmap signals qualification runs and offtake discussions. In turn, OEMs can lock in compliant material ahead of program ramps. Indiana’s growing critical-minerals hub supports rapid scale and logistics.

The Metalnomist Commentary

This milestone is small in tonnage but large in leverage. If ReElement converts pilot wins into reliable, multi-feedstock output, US germanium risk premia should narrow. Watch for long-term offtakes from infrared, satellite and grid-solar segments as validation.

Corning Meta Optical Cable Plant Strengthens AI Data Centre Supply Chain

Corning

Corning Meta optical cable plant construction has started in Hickory, North Carolina, as Corning moves to support Meta’s growing artificial intelligence data centre network. The project is expected to become the world’s largest fibre optic cable manufacturing facility.

The plant forms part of Corning’s $6bn multi-year agreement with Meta, signed in January. Under the deal, Corning will supply next-generation optical fibre, cable and connectivity products for Meta’s expanding data centre infrastructure.

Corning Meta optical cable plant development matters because AI workloads are increasing demand for high-speed, low-latency optical communication systems. As AI clusters grow larger, fibre optic connectivity becomes a critical infrastructure layer alongside chips, power, cooling and storage.

AI Data Centres Drive Optical Fibre Demand

Meta’s fibre connectivity requirements are rising as the company operates or builds 26 data centres across the US. These facilities support the rapid expansion of AI computing capacity, which requires dense and reliable optical networks.

Corning’s optical communications business is already benefiting from this demand. Net sales in the segment rose by 35% year on year in the fourth quarter, driven by stronger AI data centre demand, while total company sales increased by 14% to $4.41bn.

The Corning Meta optical cable plant therefore reflects a wider shift in digital infrastructure. Data centre growth is no longer only a semiconductor story; it is also becoming a materials, glass, cable and connectivity supply chain story.

Germanium Supply Becomes Strategic for Fibre Optic Expansion

Fibre optic cable production has direct implications for germanium demand. Germanium tetrachloride is used to increase the refractive index of the silica glass core in fibre optic cables, making it essential for high-performance optical communication.

Optical communication is the largest downstream consumer of germanium in the US. That makes AI data centre expansion increasingly relevant to minor metals markets, especially as fibre deployment accelerates.

Supply risk remains a key concern. China imposed export controls on germanium metal and other germanium products in August 2023, citing military technology concerns. China accounts for about 60-70% of global germanium output, while its exports of germanium and fabricated products fell sharply to 11,316kg in 2025 from 25,273kg in 2024.

Chinese germanium exports remained weak early this year, with January shipments down 95% on the year and February shipments also lower. This creates a strategic tension: AI infrastructure is increasing optical fibre demand, while germanium availability remains constrained by export controls.

The Metalnomist Commentary

The Corning-Meta project shows that AI infrastructure is pushing demand deeper into specialty materials supply chains. Germanium may be a small-volume metal, but its role in optical fibre makes it strategically important as data centres scale.

Germanium supply crunch: Leonardo DRS leans on safety stock as prices surge

Ge, US

Leonardo DRS faces a Germanium supply crunch that threatens infrared sensor deliveries. The firm relies on safety stock as non-China supply tightens and prices rise. This Germanium supply crunch also forces contingency planning across sourcing, timelines, and design choices.

Tight supply squeezes defense optics schedules

Germanium is essential for cooled and uncooled infrared optics. Therefore, the Germanium supply crunch raises lead times and project risk. Leonardo DRS expects flows to improve in the second half. However, any delay could slow sensor shipments to key defense programs.

Substitution and diversification remain limited near term

Leonardo DRS is qualifying non-China sources to ease the Germanium supply crunch. Meanwhile, engineers assess substitutes, but redesigns need months and careful testing. As a result, germanium remains the primary choice for performance-critical thermal imaging.

Global context amplifies procurement risk. Export controls and rising telecom glass demand constrain germanium dioxide. Prices firm as inventories thin outside China. Therefore, buyers compete for scarce units, tightening spreads and stressing budgets.

Program managers prioritize allocation to mission-critical lines. Leonardo DRS balances backlog, cost, and delivery penalties. In parallel, teams explore recycling loops and long-term take-or-pay contracts. These steps could stabilize future supply and pricing exposure.

The Metalnomist Commentary

Germanium remains a chokepoint for Western defense optics until diversified refining scales. Multi-year offtakes, closed-loop recycling, and faster qualification of alternative refineries look vital. Watch second-half flows; a miss could ripple through FY25 delivery schedules.

Yunnan Germanium InP Wafer Capacity Expansion Targets Optical Communications Growth

Yunnan Chihong

Yunnan Germanium InP wafer capacity expansion will strengthen China’s position in compound semiconductor materials used in optical communications, data centres and high-speed laser systems. The company plans to invest 188.56mn yuan, or about $27.4mn, to add a new high-quality indium phosphide single-crystal wafer production line.

The project will add annual capacity of 300,000 wafers on a 4-inch equivalent basis, including 6,000 6-inch wafers. Once completed, Yunnan Germanium InP wafer capacity will reach 450,000 wafers per year on a 4-inch equivalent basis.

Yunnan Germanium InP wafer capacity growth reflects rising demand from high-speed optical modules, laser chips and detector chips. The company said its existing capacity can no longer meet market requirements as downstream customers demand larger wafer sizes and higher quality.

Indium Phosphide Demand Rises With AI and Optical Networks

Indium phosphide wafers are III-V compound semiconductor materials used in laser and detector chip production. These components are essential for high-speed optical modules, data centre interconnects, optical communications equipment and high-power lasers.

Demand has continued to rise as the optical communications market expands. High-speed optical modules have entered large-scale deployment, driven by data centre growth, AI computing infrastructure and faster network transmission requirements.

Yunnan Germanium produced 35,400 pieces of 2-4 inch indium phosphide wafers in the first half of 2025, up 4% from 33,900 pieces a year earlier. The new 18-month expansion project will help the company move beyond current capacity limits.

China Deepens Control Over Indium-Based Semiconductor Materials

The expansion also reinforces China’s role in indium supply. Indium phosphide wafers are a downstream application for indium metal, and China remains the world’s largest indium producer, with combined primary and recycled output of 1,800-1,900t in 2025.

The material also carries strategic trade significance. China placed indium phosphide under its strict dual-use export licensing system in February 2025, reflecting its importance in advanced semiconductor, optical and defense-related technologies.

For Yunnan Germanium, the project adds value beyond upstream germanium and indium exposure. It moves the company deeper into high-end semiconductor materials, where wafer quality, scale and export control positioning can shape competitiveness.

The Metalnomist Commentary

Yunnan Germanium’s expansion shows that minor metals are becoming strategic through their downstream semiconductor applications. Indium phosphide capacity will matter more as AI data centres, optical modules and high-speed communications push demand for advanced compound materials.

AXT to Shift Focus Amid Rising Germanium Prices: Challenges and Future Outlook

AXT

AXT, a leading US compound semiconductor supplier, is adjusting its strategy in response to soaring germanium (Ge) prices, which have significantly impacted its margins. The company, primarily known for its production of Ge substrates, announced that it would be pulling back from the germanium substrate market in the fourth quarter due to unsustainable production costs and lower margins. This decision comes after a sharp rise in Ge prices during the third quarter, driven by supply concerns stemming from China's government-imposed export restrictions.

Rising Ge Prices and Impact on AXT’s Business

The price of germanium, a critical material in semiconductor manufacturing, surged in the third quarter, tightening profit margins for AXT. As the world’s primary supplier of germanium, China’s export restrictions have created significant supply chain disruptions. As a result, AXT faced increased production costs that it was unable to pass on to customers, leading the company to pull back from low-margin Ge substrate business.

In the third quarter, AXT’s revenue from germanium substrates dropped to $1.6 million from $2.9 million in the second quarter, though this was still an improvement compared to $1.2 million from the same period last year. The decline in revenue was attributed to the inability to absorb rising material costs and the overall tightening of profit margins. Despite these challenges, AXT remains optimistic about re-entering the Ge substrate market as demand from low-orbit satellite services, such as Elon Musk's Starlink and China’s satellite launches, continues to grow.

AXT’s Shift to Indium Phosphide and Future Prospects

While germanium substrate business faces short-term setbacks, AXT is focusing on its indium phosphide (InP) product line, which has been seeing increased demand, particularly from data centers and artificial intelligence (AI) applications. InP revenue reached $6.8 million in the third quarter, driven by continued demand in AI and passive optical networks. AXT has also launched a new InP product targeting silicon photonics and electro-absorption modulated lasers (EMLs), receiving positive response and a design win from a major customer.

The company remains confident about the future of InP and its potential for growth, especially as AI and data centers continue to expand. Additionally, AXT anticipates a recovery in demand for light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and EMLs, supported by stimulus measures in China’s economy, which could bolster demand from the automotive industry. However, the company has experienced a dip in revenue from gallium arsenide (GaAs) substrates, which was $6.6 million in Q3, down from $9.1 million in Q2, largely due to lower demand and the ongoing economic slowdown in China.

Demand for Gallium and HPT Market Growth

AXT’s joint venture, which supplies gallium raw materials, saw increased demand in the third quarter, but the company’s sales of gallium arsenide substrates have slowed. This trend is in line with broader market conditions, including reduced demand in telecoms after a sharp decline last year. However, the company is still optimistic about future growth in the high-power telecom (HPT) market, driven by the 5G telecom expansion.

AXT continues to see interest from customers in China, particularly those looking for diversified gallium suppliers due to concerns over Chinese export restrictions on gallium. Despite challenges, AXT’s raw material supply chain remains stable, and the company expects growth in its core markets, particularly with 5G technology and emerging industrial applications.

Conclusion

AXT’s strategic decision to step back from the germanium substrate market reflects the company's commitment to maintaining profitability despite volatile raw material costs. While facing challenges in Ge and GaAs markets, AXT is diversifying its portfolio and focusing on high-demand products like InP. As the demand for AI, data centers, and satellite technologies grows, AXT remains poised to capitalize on emerging opportunities in the semiconductor industry, with an optimistic outlook for medium- to long-term growth.

Blue Moon Apex Mine Deal Targets Germanium and Gallium Supply in Utah

Blue Moon Metals

Blue Moon Apex mine acquisition plans could add a new North American source of germanium, gallium, and copper at a time of rising concern over critical minerals security. Canada-based Blue Moon Metals has agreed to acquire the Apex mine in Utah from Teck’s US subsidiary.

The deal gives Teck a strategic position in Blue Moon through 7mn shares, equal to about 8pc of the company. Teck will also receive zinc concentrate offtake rights from Blue Moon’s California mine, with material expected to be processed at Teck’s Trail Operations in Canada.

The Blue Moon Apex mine package includes 26 patented and nine unpatented mining claims. The mine previously produced copper oxide, germanium, and gallium during the 1980s and 1990s, giving the asset historical relevance in specialty metal supply.

Germanium and Gallium Add Strategic Value to the Mine Portfolio

Germanium and gallium are small-volume but strategically important metals used in advanced technologies. Their applications include semiconductors, infrared optics, fibre optics, solar technologies, LEDs, defence systems, and high-performance electronics.

The Blue Moon Apex mine deal therefore fits into a broader push to secure critical mineral supply outside concentrated processing channels. Reopening the mine would require renewed permitting, technical studies, and additional testing, but the asset gives Blue Moon a clearer path into high-value specialty metals.

The transaction also creates an industrial link between Blue Moon and Teck. Teck’s offtake rights for zinc concentrate from the Blue Moon mine in California could support feedstock flows into Trail Operations, one of North America’s important base and specialty metals processing hubs.

Springer Complex Could Support a Wider Critical Metals Strategy

Blue Moon is also evaluating an additional processing line at its Springer complex in Nevada. The site, acquired in October, historically produced tungsten through its mine and mill operations.

This is important because tungsten, germanium, gallium, copper, and zinc all sit within strategic supply chains linked to defence, electronics, advanced manufacturing, and energy systems. If Blue Moon can connect mine redevelopment with processing optionality, it could build a more diversified critical metals platform.

The Apex transaction is expected to close in March. After that, the key test will be whether Blue Moon can move from asset acquisition to permitting, technical validation, and commercial redevelopment.

The Metalnomist Commentary

Blue Moon’s Apex deal shows how dormant mines are becoming strategic assets again as critical minerals policy reshapes project economics. The opportunity is clear, but value will depend on permitting speed, processing capability, and whether historical germanium and gallium production can translate into modern supply.

5N Plus Semiconductor Materials Demand Rises as Germanium Refining Gains Strategic Value

5N Plus

5N Plus semiconductor materials demand remains strong despite rising input and operating cost pressure expected in 2026. The Canadian materials producer sees continued demand from solar, artificial intelligence, defense, and high-purity specialty semiconductor markets.

The company expects geopolitical uncertainty and broader economic factors to increase costs this year. However, 5N Plus semiconductor materials remain well positioned because AI-related power demand is supporting the solar sector and strengthening demand for advanced materials used in high-performance applications.

5N Plus reported strong 2025 results, with revenue rising 35pc year on year to $391mn. Its specialty semiconductors segment grew 41pc to $285mn, while performance materials revenue increased 22pc to $106mn. Profit more than tripled to $50.6mn, highlighting strong operating momentum despite a more complex cost environment.

Solar and Defense Demand Support Specialty Materials Growth

Solar remains a key demand driver for 5N Plus. The company expects its Germany-based solar cell producer Azur Space to expand production capacity by another 25pc in 2026. This follows capacity increases of 35pc in 2024 and 30pc in 2025.

This expansion shows how specialty solar materials are gaining value as AI, data centres, satellites, and power-sensitive applications increase demand for reliable energy technologies. Even with US policy shifts, 5N Plus expects solar-related demand to remain strong because underlying electricity needs continue to rise.

Defense is also becoming a more important opportunity. Several large defense companies have shown interest in 5N Plus’ ability to refine and recycle strategic minerals. This reflects a wider industrial shift in which high-purity materials, recycling capability, and secure domestic supply are becoming central to defense procurement.

Germanium Refining Expands US Critical Materials Capability

Germanium refining is emerging as a strategic growth area for 5N Plus. The US Department of Defense awarded the company $18.1mn in January to scale germanium refining capacity at its St George facility in Utah.

The project will gradually increase the company’s ability to recycle and recover metal from industrial waste. 5N Plus aims to produce 20 metric tonnes per year of high-purity germanium through 2030, strengthening US access to a critical material used in semiconductors, infrared systems, fiber optics, solar cells, and defense technologies.

The company expects the germanium expansion to have very little impact on 2026 revenue because commercial benefits will take at least a year to emerge. Still, the project has strategic value because it connects recycling, refining, and secure supply of high-purity materials in North America.

The Metalnomist Commentary

5N Plus shows how specialty materials companies are becoming strategic infrastructure for AI, defense, and energy transition supply chains. The near-term challenge is cost inflation, but the long-term opportunity is high-purity refining and recycling for materials that governments increasingly view as security-critical.

Sinomine Acquires Tsumeb Smelter to Boost Germanium Production

Sinomine Resource

Chinese mining giant aims to enhance its portfolio with germanium from Namibian facility

Sinomine Resource, a major Chinese mining company, has finalized the acquisition of the Tsumeb smelter in Namibia from Dundee Precious Metals. This move is part of Sinomine's strategy to expand its germanium production capabilities. The Tsumeb smelter, with an initial capacity of 260,000 tons per year for blister copper, is set to be upgraded to handle 370,000 tons per year. It is one of the few smelters equipped to process complex concentrates like high arsenic-copper concentrate.

Resource Potential and Strategic Focus

The smelter's polymetallic slags contain an estimated 2.94 million tons of ore, which includes 746 tons of germanium, 410 tons of gallium, and other significant metals. Germanium is crucial for various industries, including information and communication technology, biological science, aviation, and new energy sectors. With global germanium reserves at 8,600 tons, China has prioritized this resource as strategic.

Sinomine will conduct a feasibility study to upgrade the smelter and integrate germanium and zinc production, aiming for commercial output in the near future. The company has not provided additional details on the project's timeline.

Corning Nvidia Optical Connectivity Partnership Expands US AI Infrastructure Supply Chain

Corning

Corning Nvidia optical connectivity plans will expand US manufacturing capacity for the optical systems needed to support artificial intelligence data centres. Corning will build three new manufacturing facilities in North Carolina and Texas as it targets a tenfold increase in optical connectivity output.

Corning Nvidia optical connectivity investment also includes a more than 50% expansion in Corning’s fibre production. The move reflects rising demand for high-speed data movement across AI infrastructure, where advanced optical links are becoming as important as chips themselves.

Corning Nvidia optical connectivity partnership strengthens the domestic supply chain around Nvidia’s AI computing ecosystem. Nvidia chips require high-performance optical fibre connectivity to move data quickly and at scale across large data centre networks.

The agreement also has a strategic materials angle. The fibre-optics industry is the largest US end-user of germanium, making AI data centre buildout increasingly relevant to minor metals demand.

AI Data Centres Drive Optical Connectivity Demand

AI workloads require massive data movement between chips, servers and storage systems. As computing clusters grow, copper-based connections face performance, distance and energy-efficiency limits in some high-speed applications.

Optical connectivity helps solve that problem. It allows data to move faster and across longer distances, supporting the scale required by advanced AI data centres.

Corning’s planned facilities in North Carolina and Texas will increase domestic capacity for these optical systems. That is important because AI infrastructure is becoming a national industrial priority, not only a technology market.

For Nvidia, the partnership supports the physical network behind its chips. AI accelerators create value only when data can move efficiently through the system.

For Corning, the deal gives stronger exposure to one of the fastest-growing infrastructure markets. Optical fibre, cable assemblies and connectivity products are becoming critical components in the AI supply chain.

Germanium Demand Links AI Growth to Critical Materials

The partnership also connects AI infrastructure to germanium demand. Germanium is used in optical fibre production, making fibre expansion relevant to critical minerals and specialty materials markets.

This matters because germanium supply is already strategically sensitive. It is used in fibre optics, infrared systems, semiconductors, defence electronics and solar applications.

If AI data centre construction accelerates, optical fibre demand could strengthen further. That would increase attention on germanium availability, recycling, refining and origin security.

The transaction also includes a financial component. Nvidia has the right to purchase up to 15mn shares of Corning stock at a fixed price of $180/share, as well as a pre-funded warrant to purchase up to 3mn shares for a total price of $500mn.

That structure shows how strategic customers are moving closer to upstream and midstream suppliers. Nvidia is not only buying components. It is helping secure the manufacturing base needed for future AI infrastructure.

For the US, the partnership supports domestic manufacturing around semiconductors, photonics and critical materials. It also reinforces the wider shift toward regionalised supply chains for high-value technology infrastructure.

The Metalnomist Commentary

The Corning-Nvidia partnership shows that AI supply chains are moving beyond chips into optical fibre, photonics and specialty materials. Germanium demand could become a hidden beneficiary as data centres require faster and more resilient optical connectivity.

Rapid Lithium Expands into Canada with Strategic Acquisition of Ga, Ge Mineral Claims

Rapid Lithium

Australia-based Rapid Lithium is set to enhance its portfolio by acquiring several mineral claims in British Columbia, a move orchestrated through a deal with Canada-based Broadstone Resources. This acquisition, part of the Prophet River project, is aimed at tapping into the rich deposits of zinc, gallium (Ga), and germanium (Ge) — metals of increasing strategic importance due to their applications in high-tech industries.

Strategic Metals in the Spotlight

The Prophet River project has garnered attention due to its remarkably high germanium values, some of the highest recorded globally, according to Rapid Lithium. This positions the project as a potentially significant source of germanium and gallium, metals crucial for military and communication technologies in the US and Europe.

These metals have recently been thrust into the limelight following China’s decision to ban all exports of gallium and germanium to the US at the beginning of December, escalating tensions within global technology supply chains. This geopolitical move has underscored the critical need for diversified sources of these metals to secure technological and defense capabilities.

Market Dynamics and Price Fluctuations

The acquisition comes at a time when the market for these metals is experiencing volatility. Following China’s export ban, prices for gallium in Europe surged from $490-550 per kilogram at the beginning of the month to $550-600 per kilogram, as reported by Metalnomist on 19 December. Similarly, germanium prices have seen a sharp increase, climbing to $2,950-3,350 per kilogram from $2,950-3,100. This price hike is a direct consequence of US buyers rushing to secure supplies from non-Chinese sources, highlighting the strategic nature of Rapid Lithium's new venture into gallium and germanium production.