Closed-Loop Recycling to Slash PGM Demand by 40% in 2024, Industry Report Finds

Johnson Matthey

PGM Recycling Revolutionizes Metal Demand with Close to 60% of Platinum Group Metals Being Recycled

In 2024, platinum group metals (PGMs) demand will see a significant reduction of nearly 40% due to the rise in closed-loop recycling, according to a report from UK-based chemicals company Johnson Matthey. With over 60% of PGMs used in new products now coming from recycled metal, the shift towards circularity in the PGM industry is transforming how metals are sourced and used.

Understanding Closed-Loop vs. Open-Loop Recycling

Recycling PGMs is categorized into two pathways: open-loop and closed-loop. Open-loop recycling occurs mainly in consumer markets, where metal ownership is passed along with the product's lifecycle, allowing the metal to be reused for different purposes. In contrast, closed-loop recycling, which dominates industries like chemicals and pharmaceuticals, involves the original buyer maintaining ownership of the metal, reusing it for the same purpose throughout its lifecycle.

This process greatly reduces the need for new PGMs, as the original purchaser reclaims and reuses the metal. In fact, Johnson Matthey's research shows that a substantial 15.7 million troy ounces (toz) of PGMs were recirculated globally in closed-loop systems last year, cutting down the net demand for primary PGMs to 35.4 million toz in 2024.

PGM Recycling Shifts the Industry Landscape

Recycled PGMs, whether through closed or open loops, now make up the majority of materials used in new and replacement products. As primary mining becomes supplementary to the increasing urban PGM mines, it’s clear that recycling is becoming the backbone of the global PGM supply chain. The well-established closed-loop system has proved to be an efficient, sustainable model for metal recycling, potentially setting a precedent for other metals in the industry.

Ryan from Johnson Matthey highlighted that the long-established network of PGM recycling has reached economies of scope and scale through decades of market-driven optimization. This model could serve as a roadmap for other sectors, where the international approach to recycling has not yet reached similar maturity.

Recycling efforts should not be confined within national borders. To ensure efficiency, scrap must be collected and recycled globally, transcending domestic limitations. Ryan advocates for a broader, global collaboration to boost recycling effectiveness and reduce dependence on newly mined metals.

GEM Expands Critical Mineral Recycling to Strengthen China’s Supply Chain Independence

GEM

High-Purity Germanium and Tungsten Recycling to Double by 2027

Chinese battery materials producer GEM is expanding its critical mineral recycling capacity to support China’s supply chain independence. In its 2024 annual report, GEM announced significant investments in germanium recycling and high-purity refining, driven by Beijing’s resource localization strategy. The company aims to rapidly scale its recycling of gallium, indium, and scandium, all of which are subject to China’s recent export restrictions.

Strategic Metals and Battery Materials Drive Growth

GEM will also broaden recycling operations for minor metals such as molybdenum, tantalum, and niobium. These materials are essential for defense and electronics manufacturing. The company currently recycles over 20 metals from waste batteries, electronics, vehicles, and plastics across its eight Chinese plants and international sites in South Korea, South Africa, and Indonesia.

Doubling Output of Tungsten and Platinum Group Metals

To support industrial demand, GEM plans to double its output of tungsten powder and electronic metals to 20 tonnes by 2027. Tungsten’s high conductivity and melting point make it ideal for semiconductors and photovoltaic thin-film cells. In addition, GEM will build a demonstration plant for platinum, palladium, and rhodium refining, targeting similar output growth by 2027.

Core Battery Material Output Set for 46% Growth in 2025

The company expects a strong rise in core product output—nickel, ternary precursors, cobalt, cathode materials, and recycled batteries—with a projected 46% increase in 2025. From 2025 to 2027, the annual growth rate is forecast to moderate to 36%, still reflecting robust demand for EV and energy storage materials.

The Metalnomist Commentary

GEM’s expansion underscores China’s push for mineral sovereignty in a geopolitically constrained environment. By scaling critical mineral recycling, GEM reduces import dependence while reinforcing its leadership in the global circular economy for strategic metals.

Closed-Loop Recycling Slashes PGM Demand by 40% in 2024

Johnson Matthey

Johnson Matthey Highlights a Game-Changing Shift in the Platinum Group Metals Industry

Global demand for new platinum group metals (PGMs) dropped sharply in 2024 due to a surge in closed-loop recycling. According to a white paper released by UK-based Johnson Matthey, nearly 60% of PGMs used in new production now come from recycled sources.

Closed-loop recycling plays a critical role in this reduction. In this model, the original buyer retains ownership of the metal, recycles it after product use, and reuses it for the same application. This contrasts with open-loop systems, where the metal changes hands and often shifts purpose across industries. Because closed-loop PGMs never re-enter the broader market, they are not counted as secondary supply — yet they substantially reduce the need for newly mined metal.

In 2024, an estimated 15.7 million troy ounces of PGMs circulated through closed-loop systems globally. This recycling process slashed net demand for new PGMs by nearly 40%, reducing it to just 35.4 million troy ounces. As a result, recycled materials from both open- and closed-loop sources now dominate the PGM supply chain. Primary mining serves as a supplement rather than the main source.

Urban mining is now central to the industry’s survival. Without it, the sustainability of PGM production would falter. Johnson Matthey’s Advocacy Manager for PGMs, Marge Ryan, emphasized that the industry’s closed-loop model could serve as a blueprint for broader metals recycling initiatives.

Despite its success, this global recycling network is not yet mirrored across other metal sectors. Many nations still focus heavily on domestic circularity efforts. Ryan argues for a broader, cross-border system. “Scrap collection and recycling don’t need to be confined by national borders,” she said. A coordinated global framework could unlock similar benefits for aluminum, copper, rare earths, and more.

The evolution of the PGM recycling ecosystem underscores a pivotal shift — not just in metals demand, but in how the world approaches sustainability, material ownership, and industrial efficiency.

Rytoriacap acquires Blossburg Foundry to expand US metals recycling

ASC Engineered Solutions

Rytoriacap acquires Blossburg Foundry in Pennsylvania to scale metals recycling and processing. The deal includes facilities formerly owned by ASC Engineered Solutions. Through a lease-back, ASC will keep operating the site until end-2025. Meanwhile, Rytoria launched a phased integration plan with 2025 operational targets.

Scope and materials focus

The acquisition broadens Rytoria’s non-ferrous and ferrous footprint. It covers aluminum, copper, brass, and selected steel lines. As a result, the company strengthens domestic circular economy flows. It also supports US buyers seeking diversified foundry supply.

Timeline and supply chain impact

The lease-back ensures continuity while equipment and workforce plans mature. Therefore, Rytoria can phase upgrades without disrupting customer deliveries. In parallel, relocation of ASC production within Pennsylvania reduces logistics risk. For stakeholders, Rytoriacap acquires Blossburg Foundry signals stable transition and service reliability.

Rytoria targets recycling-led growth as demand for copper and aluminum rises. Meanwhile, OEMs prioritize regional sourcing to cut lead times. Consequently, Rytoriacap acquires Blossburg Foundry becomes a catalyst for US foundry consolidation. The move also aligns with industrial policy favoring resilient supply chains.

The Metalnomist Commentary

This transaction tightens a regional loop for non-ferrous scrap and cast products. Execution risk sits in integration pace and capital scheduling, but the lease-back cushions near-term disruption. If Rytoria meets its 2025 targets, margins should benefit from material yield and logistics savings.

Venture Metals Expands US Footprint with Strategic Acquisitions

Venture Metals

Acquisition of Thalheimer Bros and Mega Metals Bolsters Nonferrous Capabilities

Venture Metals has acquired Thalheimer Brothers and its subsidiary, Mega Metals. This strategic move significantly expands Venture's nonferrous recycling operations. The acquisitions add processing facilities in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and Phoenix, Arizona. These locations complement Venture's existing plants in Texas, Illinois, and South Korea. Mega Metals, specializing in titanium scrap, brings a critical new capability. 

This acquisition includes titanium 6-4 turnings, approved for aerospace reuse. Thalheimer Brothers strengthens Venture's position in stainless steel, copper, and aluminum recycling. They also handle nickel-based alloys and high-temperature metals. Rich Reiner will continue as CEO of both Thalheimer and Mega. Venture Metals aims to enhance its market presence in the US.

Titanium Expertise and Market Expansion

Mega Metals' focus on titanium scrap is a key asset. They are approved to handle titanium 6-4 turnings for aerospace. This includes 6-4 bulk weldable and 6-4 feedstock. They also process "ferrous" grades for ferro-titanium production. This serves both US and European markets. This expansion signifies Venture Metals' commitment to specialized metal recycling.

SUPER METAL PRICE Launches 'The Metals Grade Atlas' eBook: A Definitive Handbook for the Specialty Metals Industry

eBook: 'The Metals Grade Atlas'

An 815-page authoritative guide to titanium, nickel, and iron alloys sets a new global standard in advanced materials selection.

SUPER METAL PRICE, a global intelligence platform specializing in metals markets, has officially released The Metals Grade Atlas, a comprehensive digital reference for high-performance specialty metals used in modern industries.

A Complete Guidebook for Extreme Industrial Conditions in the 21st Century

This 815-page volume presents a systematic overview of materials engineered to withstand extreme environments, including aerospace, power generation, chemical processing, medical devices, and offshore platforms.

The Metals Grade Atlas provides essential data for materials capable of enduring ultra-high temperatures, corrosion, and mechanical stress—such as jet turbine blades operating above 1000°C, or gas turbines in power plants that function under thermal extremes exceeding 1200°C.

Covering the Full Spectrum of Titanium, Nickel, and Iron Alloys

The publication categorizes cutting-edge alloys into three key material families:

◎ Titanium Alloys – Lightweight and corrosion-resistant innovations

• Core material in aerospace applications for airframes, engine components, and landing gear
• Exceptional strength-to-weight ratio enhances fuel efficiency and payload
• Proven durability in chloride- and H₂S-rich offshore environments
• High biocompatibility and long-term stability for medical implants

◎ Nickel-based Superalloys – Designed to conquer extreme temperatures

• Resilient beyond 1200°C with excellent thermal and mechanical stability
• Ideal for turbine blades, combustors, and disks in power generation systems
• High resistance to creep, oxidation, and thermal cycling in jet engine hot zones
• Key material in high-temperature petrochemical reactors and heat exchangers

◎ Special Iron Alloys – The structural backbone of industrial infrastructure

• High-strength steels for shipbuilding, construction, automotive, and renewable energy
• Covers a wide range from ultra-high-strength to abrasion-resistant grades
• Enhanced fatigue performance and weldability in marine applications
• Delivers both weight reduction and crash safety in automotive structures
• Specialized grades for wind turbine towers and heavy-duty bearings

A Practical Data Library for Industry Professionals

Each alloy in The Metals Grade Atlas includes:

• Chemical composition and mechanical properties
• Corrosion resistance and high-temperature performance
• Fatigue strength and weldability indexes
• Real-world application examples and selection criteria
• Cost-performance considerations to support design decisions

Supporting Engineering Decision-Making

Going beyond material specifications, the book offers a structured framework for material selection in actual engineering practice. It assists professionals in benchmarking, processability assessment, and cost-performance analysis to guide optimal alloy choices.

A Strategic Companion for Industrial Innovation

SUPER METAL PRICE stated, "We sincerely hope this publication becomes a trusted and indispensable reference for design engineers, material scientists, and quality professionals striving to make precise, performance-driven, and economically sound material decisions."

The company further emphasized, "This book aims to serve as a compass for understanding, developing, and applying advanced metals in the pursuit of next-generation industrial innovation."

Global Market Insights and Future Outlook

With net-zero targets and energy transitions accelerating worldwide, demand for high-performance specialty metals is rising sharply. Policies such as the EU’s CBAM and the U.S. IRA have further highlighted the strategic value of specialty alloys. Industry experts have praised The Metals Grade Atlas as a long-awaited professional handbook that offers both comprehensive coverage and practical utility in the field.

Publication Details

• Title: The Metals Grade Atlas (eBook)
• Publisher: SUPER METAL PRICE
• Release Date: June 1, 2025
• Language: English
• File Size: 12.9MB
• Length: 815 pages

Available at: www.supermetalprice.com

About SUPER METAL PRICE

SUPER METAL PRICE is a global intelligence platform delivering in-depth analysis and real-time news on the metal markets. Its coverage spans steel, non-ferrous metals, rare earths, and energy-transition materials, with expert insights into pricing trends, tariffs, trade policies, and technical innovations across major regions including the U.S., Europe, China, and India.

Following The Metals Grade Atlas, the company plans to expand its specialty metals portfolio with future publications, including a Rare Earth Handbook and a Recycling Technology Guide.

Contact

Website: www.supermetalprice.com

eBook Purchase: Visit the digital download page

This press release is based on publicly available information from SUPER METAL PRICE.

Aqua Metals to Double Battery-Grade Lithium Carbonate Production in Ambitious Expansion

Aqua Metals

US Battery Recycler Targets Significant Growth in Lithium Supply Amid Rising EV Demand

Aqua Metals, a leading US battery recycler, has announced plans to more than double its production of battery-grade lithium carbonate. This strategic move reflects the company's effort to meet the increasing demand for critical materials used in electric vehicle (EV) batteries and energy storage systems.

Aqua Metals will prioritize the production of battery-grade lithium carbonate, with a mixed hydroxide precipitate (MHP) — a solution containing nickel, cobalt, copper, and manganese — making up the remaining portion of its output. This decision aligns with the growing importance of lithium as a key component in the global transition to electric mobility and renewable energy storage.

Expansion of Lithium Carbonate Production

Although Aqua Metals did not disclose the exact volume of the increase, the company's 2023 annual report outlined a Phase One processing capacity of 3,000 metric tonnes per year (t/yr) of lithium battery black mass, with a total processing capacity of 10,000 t/yr. This expansion will significantly contribute to the lithium supply chain, supporting the growing demand from EV manufacturers and energy storage providers.

The company is currently in discussions with feedstock suppliers and customers to ensure the success of this accelerated expansion. By securing reliable sources of materials and forming strategic partnerships, Aqua Metals aims to position itself as a key player in the growing lithium recycling market.

Positioning for the Future of Lithium Recycling

Aqua Metals’ aggressive expansion of lithium carbonate production comes at a time when the global market for lithium is under significant pressure due to the surge in demand for EVs. As part of its efforts, the company is focusing on sustainable recycling practices, utilizing innovative methods to recover lithium from used batteries.

In conclusion, Aqua Metals is positioning itself to meet the future needs of the battery industry. Its commitment to increasing production capacity and securing key partnerships demonstrates its role in advancing the circular economy for lithium and other critical metals.

UK Unveils Critical Raw Material Recovery Plan for Defence Sector

Team Defence Information

MoD Targets CRM Recycling in Defence Supply Chain

The UK Ministry of Defence (MoD) has unveiled a comprehensive framework to recover critical raw materials (CRMs) from end-of-life military equipment, aiming to secure strategic resources and strengthen national supply chain resilience. Developed with trade association Team Defence Information, the plan embeds circular economy principles into procurement, maintenance, and disposal processes across the defence sector. This marks a significant departure from past practices, where most military equipment was discarded without extracting valuable materials.

Defence spending is set to rise, with Prime Minister Keir Starmer pledging an increase to 2.5% of GDP by 2027 from 2.3% in 2024. This growth will drive demand for specialty metals such as rare earth elements, tungsten, and cobalt — all of which face potential supply disruptions due to geopolitical tensions. The framework addresses these risks by prioritising domestic recovery and processing, reducing dependence on imports from politically sensitive regions.

Expanding Domestic Processing and Recycling Capacity

The new strategy identifies vulnerabilities within the UK's critical minerals supply chain, mapping gaps in domestic recovery and refining capabilities. It recommends building vertically integrated recycling operations capable of handling everything from dismantling retired military vehicles to processing complex alloys used in advanced defence systems. By leveraging its mature electronic waste recycling infrastructure, the UK can extend recovery efforts beyond precious metals such as gold, silver, and platinum group metals to include less commonly recycled elements essential for defence technologies.

However, achieving this goal will require substantial investment. The framework calls for stronger financial incentives, such as tax relief and targeted subsidies, to encourage both public and private sector participation. It also suggests that the MoD could directly fund projects aligned with its operational needs, enabling rapid scaling of pilot programmes. Collaboration with research institutions and industry will be key to developing cost-effective recovery methods for metals embedded in complex military hardware.

Strategic Benefits for National Security

Strengthening domestic CRM recovery is not just an environmental initiative but also a matter of national security. A reliable domestic supply of critical metals can shield the defence sector from price volatility, trade restrictions, and supply chain shocks. This is especially important as global competition for critical minerals intensifies, driven by the energy transition and the rapid growth of clean technologies.

The UK’s mature recycling infrastructure, combined with targeted investment in processing technologies, positions the country to become a leader in defence-related CRM recovery. If successfully implemented, the framework could serve as a model for other NATO members seeking to enhance their strategic resource independence while meeting sustainability targets.

The Metalnomist Commentary

The UK’s CRM recovery framework reflects a strategic convergence of defence policy and resource security. By integrating circular economy practices into military logistics, the country can reduce reliance on geopolitically sensitive imports and strengthen its industrial base. The key challenge will be balancing speed of implementation with cost efficiency, ensuring that recovery operations are both technically viable and commercially sustainable.

Tomra and Redwave Partner to Share Zorba Sorting Technology

Tomra

In a strategic move to enhance metal recycling capabilities, Germany-based Tomra and Austria-based Redwave, leaders in recycling and mining equipment, have entered a non-exclusive agreement to share their zorba sorting technologies. This collaboration aims to provide customers with a wider range of solutions for efficiently sorting and separating mixed metals.

Technology Sharing to Boost Recycling Efficiency

Tomra’s X-ray fluorescence (XRF) technology, renowned for its ability to distinguish materials based on atomic density, efficiently separates heavy metals from aluminum. Meanwhile, Redwave’s X-ray transmission (XRT) technology specializes in sorting mixed metals by chemical composition, refining them into single-metal products.

Under this agreement, both companies will retain independent operations but will offer each other’s technologies directly to their respective customers. This approach allows industries to optimize recycling processes and improve the quality of recovered materials by leveraging complementary sorting techniques.

Driving Sustainable Metal Recovery

This partnership addresses the growing demand for advanced recycling solutions in the context of increasing global metal consumption and waste management challenges. By combining their technological expertise, Tomra and Redwave aim to enhance the recovery of valuable metals, reduce waste, and support sustainability in the metal recycling and mining industries.

Sinomine to Build Copper, Gallium, and Germanium Smelters in Africa: A Strategic Move for Resource Expansion

Sinomine

Chinese diversified mining company Sinomine Resource has announced a bold step in its global resource strategy by unveiling plans to build a copper smelter at its Kitumba mine in Zambia and a germanium/gallium recycling facility at the Tsumeb smelter in Namibia. These investments come as part of Sinomine's ongoing strategy to expand its reach in the mining sector, focusing on copper, germanium, and gallium—key strategic metals for the global market.

Sinomine’s Copper Smelter in Zambia

The first phase of Sinomine’s expansion involves a $562.9 million investment in a new copper smelter at its Kitumba mine in Zambia. The smelter will process 3.5 million tons per year of copper ore, with a production capacity of 60,000 tons per year of copper cathode. The project is set to be completed by late 2026, with a construction period of 1½ years, and will have an expected operating life of 11 years after commissioning. The smelter’s establishment aligns with Sinomine's strategy of expanding its copper resources globally, particularly in Africa, a continent rich in mineral deposits.

Sinomine took control of the Kitumba mine in March and began production in August, marking a significant milestone in its overseas copper operations. The Kitumba project complements Sinomine’s other Zambian ventures, including the commissioning of a second concentrator at the Kasisi copper and gold mine earlier in 2023. This move has significantly increased copper ore processing capacity, further bolstering Sinomine’s growing presence in Zambia.

Expansion in Namibia: Gallium and Germanium Recycling Facility

In addition to copper, Sinomine has also turned its attention to germanium and gallium, two metals that are crucial to industries such as information technology, renewable energy, and aviation. The company is investing $222 million in a multi-metal recycling facility at the Tsumeb smelter in Namibia. The facility will have an annual processing capacity of 200,000 tons and will produce 33 tons per year of zone-melting grade germanium, 11 tons per year of 99.9% industrial-grade gallium, and 10,900 tons per year of zinc. This ambitious project will be built in two phases and is expected to operate for 15 years. However, detailed launch dates are still to be disclosed.

The polymetallic slag at the Tsumeb smelter is estimated to contain substantial quantities of germanium, gallium, and other metals, including zinc and copper, making it an attractive site for advanced metal recycling and extraction. Sinomine’s investment reflects the growing global demand for germanium and gallium, both of which have seen price increases following China’s introduction of export licensing schemes in August 2023. These metals are considered critical for high-tech applications, and their strategic importance has driven companies worldwide to diversify their supply sources.

The Global Significance of Germanium and Gallium

Germanium, used extensively in industries ranging from telecommunications to clean energy, is a strategic resource that is primarily produced in China, which has been reducing its export volume. The global reserves of germanium are estimated at just 8,600 tons, according to the US Geological Survey. Gallium, which is essential for electronics and solar technology, is also in high demand. Sinomine's strategic investments in germanium and gallium facilities will position the company to capitalize on the rising global need for these critical materials, while reducing its reliance on Chinese supply chains.

Conclusion

Sinomine’s investment in copper and multi-metal recycling projects in Zambia and Namibia highlights its forward-thinking approach to securing a diverse range of valuable resources. As global demand for copper, germanium, and gallium grows, Sinomine is positioning itself as a key player in the African mining sector. With an expanding footprint across the continent, the company is set to shape the future of metal production and recycling, supporting industries from renewable energy to electronics.

Glencore to Revitalize Portovesme Metals Hub with Lithium Recycling Plans

Glencore

Glencore announces efforts to rejuvenate the Portovesme complex in Sardinia, including a lithium battery recycling hub, amid Italian government discussions on future plans for zinc operations.

Global mining giant Glencore has made a significant pledge to advance its Portovesme metals hub in Sardinia, Italy. The company, which has already made strides in transforming the complex, plans to take further action by revamping the site and focusing on developing a lithium battery recycling facility. This decision follows a meeting between Glencore and the Italian government, where both parties outlined a roadmap for the revitalization of the region's industrial capabilities.

The Portovesme site, located on the west coast of Sardinia, houses two critical production facilities responsible for extracting lead and zinc, as well as producing precious metals. Glencore’s commitment extends beyond maintaining its current operations, as it intends to work with new partners to preserve and expand production.

A key part of this revitalization plan includes a collaboration with Li-Cycle Holdings, a leading lithium-ion battery recycler. Glencore and Li-Cycle are exploring the feasibility of a new plant at Portovesme to process used batteries and extract critical materials such as nickel, cobalt, and lithium. This initiative aligns with growing global demand for these metals, crucial for the transition to cleaner energy solutions.

Challenges to Zinc Production at Portovesme

However, the project has sparked some controversy. The Italian government has expressed its opposition to Glencore’s plans to shut down the zinc production line at the site. Industry Minister Adolfo Urso emphasized that the government is committed to keeping the zinc operations active, while trade unions and local officials voiced strong concerns about the potential job losses and economic impact on the region. Despite the controversy, the Italian government remains optimistic about the potential for the lithium recycling hub to create new job opportunities and diversify the site’s operations.

The discussions also revolve around ensuring that Portovesme’s development aligns with the EU’s Critical Raw Materials Act, which could potentially classify the site’s revitalization as a project of strategic importance. Glencore has agreed to provide updates on the feasibility study and plans to engage with potential investors to mitigate high energy costs that have been a long-standing challenge for the site.

Conclusion

Glencore’s push to revitalize the Portovesme hub is a bold move towards aligning with the growing global demand for critical raw materials, especially lithium, cobalt, and nickel. The planned lithium battery recycling plant presents a sustainable future for the site, although challenges remain surrounding the shutdown of zinc operations. The company’s ability to balance environmental, economic, and political pressures will be key in determining the success of the Portovesme project.

Ecobat Sells European Battery Distribution Business to Refocus on Recycling

Ecobat

Strategic Shift Toward Core Battery Recycling Operations

Ecobat, a Texas-based battery recycler, has sold its European battery distribution arm to UK private equity firm Endless as part of a strategy to divest non-core assets. The divested division supplied a broad range of batteries for automotive, commercial, marine, leisure, and industrial markets. While financial terms remain undisclosed, the move underscores Ecobat’s intent to prioritize its core battery recycling operations across the US, UK, and Germany.

Market Pressures and Recycling Industry Challenges

Ecobat’s three lithium battery recycling facilities have a combined processing capacity of up to 10,000 metric tonnes per year. However, the battery recycling sector faces significant headwinds. Slower-than-expected electric vehicle (EV) adoption has limited the availability of end-of-life battery feedstock, while a growing shift toward lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries — which contain fewer high-value metals like cobalt and nickel — has reduced the economic incentive for recycling. This market pressure has already impacted competitors, as demonstrated by Canadian recycler Li-Cycle’s recent bankruptcy protection filing in both Canada and the US.

The Metalnomist Commentary

Ecobat’s divestment aligns with an industry trend of focusing resources on profitable, technology-driven recycling operations rather than lower-margin distribution businesses. As the EV market evolves and LFP battery adoption accelerates, recyclers will need to adapt their business models to remain competitive. Partnerships with battery producers and innovation in material recovery technology may be crucial for long-term success.

MTM Critical Metals Recovers High-Grade Antimony from E-Waste Using FJH Technology

MTM Critical Metals

Breakthrough in Antimony Recovery from E-Waste

Australia’s MTM Critical Metals has successfully recovered high-grade antimony from electronic waste using its proprietary flash joule heating (FJH) technology. Antimony, classified as a “critical mineral” by the US Geological Survey, is widely used in flame retardants, military applications, and lead alloys for batteries and cables. The breakthrough positions MTM to expand its US operations as it evaluates which metals to target for commercial recovery at scale.

The company has already secured a pre-permitted demonstration site in Texas and plans to commission the plant by December 2025, with commercial production starting in 2026. This facility builds on MTM’s prior work in gallium recycling, first announced last year, and reflects the growing demand for advanced recovery solutions to secure critical mineral supplies.

Scaling US Operations with Strategic Partnerships

MTM has secured long-term agreements totaling 1,100 tonnes per year of e-waste feedstock. This includes a five-year deal with Dynamic Lifecycle for 700 tonnes per year of e-scrap. The company is also seeking government funding to support its US expansion.

The proprietary FJH technology, exclusively licensed to MTM’s US subsidiary Flash Metals USA, was originally developed at Rice University in Texas. It rapidly heats material in a controlled chlorine atmosphere, achieving high-purity recovery of target metals. Earlier trials demonstrated strong results in recovering gallium from LED manufacturing scrap, and the company now aims to replicate that success for antimony and other critical minerals.

The Metalnomist Commentary

MTM’s progress underscores how proprietary recovery technologies can reshape critical mineral supply chains. With antimony supplies dominated by China, domestic recovery from e-waste could reduce US import dependency and enhance supply security. If scaled effectively, MTM’s Texas facility could become a strategic hub for recycling high-value metals.

EMR and Ionic Technologies Partner on Rare Earth Magnet Recycling Supply Chain

Ionic Technologies

UK Magnet Recycling Gains Momentum with EMR-Ionic Technologies Agreement

EMR and Ionic Technologies partner on rare earth magnet recycling, marking a key development in the UK’s circular economy for critical materials. EMR, a leading UK-based metals recycler, has signed a non-binding supply agreement with Ionic Technologies to deliver end-of-life magnets to its Belfast facility. These magnets will serve as feedstock for Ionic’s rare earth oxide (REO) extraction and separation process.

The Belfast demonstration plant, supported by a £1.7 million grant from the UK’s Advanced Propulsion Centre in 2022, can process 30 tonnes per year of waste magnets to yield up to 10 tonnes of high-purity REOs annually. These include critical materials like neodymium, praseodymium, and dysprosium—essential for electric motors, wind turbines, and defense systems. As EMR and Ionic Technologies partner on rare earth magnet recycling, the project aims to secure domestic REO supply and reduce reliance on Chinese imports.

This latest deal builds on Ionic Technologies’ earlier agreement with South Korea’s DNA Link, which could lead to future REO offtake arrangements. Ionic Technologies, a subsidiary of ASX-listed Ionic Rare Earths, is positioning itself at the forefront of rare earth recycling innovation in Europe. As demand for sustainable and secure REO sources accelerates, EMR and Ionic Technologies partner on rare earth magnet recycling to help meet future supply chain needs.

The Metalnomist Commentary

The EMR-Ionic partnership reflects the strategic pivot toward localised, sustainable sourcing of rare earths. With growing geopolitical tension around REO supply, vertically integrated recycling chains like this one could offer both economic and national security advantages.

China Expands Copper and Aluminium Duty Exemptions for 2025

Recycled Copper

In a bid to promote sustainable growth, China has announced expanded import duty exemptions on recycled copper and aluminium feedstocks for 2025. This change is part of the country’s broader strategy to bolster green and low-carbon development in its metal industries. The move reflects China’s ongoing efforts to ease restrictions on secondary copper and aluminium imports, which could have significant implications for both domestic and international markets.

Expansion of Duty Exemptions

Under the new policy, China will expand the HS code 74040000 to include “recycled copper and alloy feedstock” for 2025, up from just "recycled brass copper feedstock" and "recycled copper feedstock" in 2024. Similarly, the HS code 76020000 will also broaden to cover “recycled aluminium and alloy feedstock” from the previous scope of "recycled cast aluminum alloy feedstock" in 2024. The import duties for both categories will remain at zero for 2025, continuing the exemptions in place for 2024.

This expansion is intended to enhance the country’s circular economy and support the shift toward greener practices in the recycling and processing of metals. According to China’s Ministry of Commerce, the adjustments will help promote low-carbon development, driving demand for sustainable production methods.

The move follows an increase in China’s copper scrap imports, which saw a 14% rise from January to November in 2024 compared to the previous year, signaling a positive trend for the country's metal recycling sector.

Continued Duties on Other Base Metals

While China is easing import duties on certain recycled metals, the government has decided to keep export duties on various base metals, minor metals, ferro-alloys, and rare earths in place for 2025. This includes maintaining the 40% export duty on ferro-chrome, a 25% duty on silico-manganese and ferro-silicon, and a 20% export duty on ferro-manganese. These duties align with China’s broader objective of controlling the export of energy-intensive and pollution-heavy products.

The country will also continue with export duties on a variety of concentrates, such as lead, zinc, tantalum, and niobium, as well as a 20% duty on tin, tungsten, and antimony concentrates, which are less frequently exported due to China’s limited domestic resources of these metals. Additionally, China will maintain duties on several metals, including a 5-15% export duty on copper, nickel, and zinc alloys and products.

China's new policy also includes a zero import duty on spodumene for 2025, marking another significant move in its strategic approach to securing key raw materials for its growing battery and electronics industries.

Novelis Achieves Breakthrough Hydrogen Test for Aluminium Recycling at Latchford Plant

Novelis

Hydrogen Melting Furnace Cuts Carbon Emissions by Up to 90%

Net Zero Innovation Portfolio and HyNet Project Drive Industry Decarbonisation

Novelis, a leading US-based aluminium rolling and recycling company, has successfully tested hydrogen as a fuel for a recycling furnace at its Latchford, UK facility. The company reported that using hydrogen in the melting process can reduce carbon emissions by up to 90% compared to conventional methods.

Hydrogen Technology Supports Major UK Decarbonisation Initiatives

These tests were conducted under the UK’s Net Zero Innovation Portfolio and the regional HyNet project, both of which focus on low-carbon hydrogen production and industrial CO₂ capture. Novelis has participated in HyNet since 2017, supporting the shift to greener metals manufacturing across northwest England and north Wales.

The firm will now expand hydrogen-based, recycled alloy production processes at multiple European plants. Novelis also plans to publish results as part of the UK Industrial Fuel Switching programme later in 2024, sharing key findings with industry partners.

Latchford Expansion Doubles UBC Recycling and Cuts Emissions

In July 2023, Novelis announced a $90 million investment to more than double the Latchford plant’s used beverage can (UBC) recycling capacity. New equipment—including a dross house, shredding and melting systems—will boost recycling capacity by 85,000 t/year and lower annual carbon emissions by over 350,000 tonnes.

This hydrogen breakthrough supports Novelis’ broader push for sustainability and could drive innovation across global recycling operations. Latchford plant manager Allan Sweeney emphasized that these results will inspire further hydrogen research and deployment company-wide.

Li-Cycle Signs Exclusive Recycling Agreement with EU EV Manufacturer

Li-Cycle

Li-Cycle Partners with European Luxury EV Maker for Battery Recycling

Canadian lithium-ion battery recycler Li-Cycle has entered into an exclusive recycling agreement with a high-performance luxury electric vehicle (EV) manufacturer in the European Union. While the name of the manufacturer and specific details regarding the agreement remain undisclosed, this collaboration is set to play a crucial role in the circular economy of the electric vehicle industry.

Enhancing Battery Recycling Operations in Germany

The agreement ensures a steady supply of feedstock from the EV production facility located in the European Union to Li-Cycle’s spoke facility in Magdeburg, Germany. Li-Cycle operates a spoke-and-hub network, where used batteries are first shredded into black mass at the spokes. This black mass is then processed at the hubs to extract valuable materials such as lithium, cobalt, and nickel, which are essential for the production of new batteries.

Li-Cycle's expansion into Germany is a significant step in its mission to build a sustainable solution for lithium-ion battery recycling. The company’s innovative process helps recover critical raw materials, ensuring the responsible disposal and reuse of EV batteries in Europe.

A Strong Financial Backing for Growth

In November 2022, Li-Cycle secured a loan of up to $475 million from the US Department of Energy, which was later upsized by $100 million. This funding boosts the company’s ability to expand its operations and facilities globally, including its new venture in Germany. With the growing demand for EVs and the rise in battery recycling needs, Li-Cycle is well-positioned to serve as a key player in the transition to a greener future.

Conclusion: A Key Step in EV Battery Sustainability

Li-Cycle’s exclusive agreement with an EU-based luxury EV manufacturer signals a promising future for battery recycling. The partnership not only contributes to the global push for sustainability but also strengthens Li-Cycle's role in the critical metals supply chain. As the electric vehicle industry continues to grow, so does the demand for sustainable solutions to manage battery waste and recover valuable materials.

Dong-a Special Metal Begins Production of 'Titanium Ingots' Based on Scrap

The supply of Titanium and alloy ingots in the Asian market is expected to improve. Dong-a Special Metal, a rare metal recycling company located in Haman, Gyeongsangnam-do, South Korea, is set to commence mass production of Titanium ingots made from scrap.

According to industry sources, the global aviation industry has been experiencing rapid growth since the COVID-19 pandemic, leading to a shortage of Titanium materials. When ordering related materials, lead times range from a minimum of one year to a maximum of over three years, causing significant disruptions in material usage.

To address this issue, the recycling of materials has become essential. Dong-a Special Metal has initiated the final mass production of Titanium ingots by developing a series of processes, from the pre-treatment of Titanium scrap to the production of ingots, over a long period.

The Titanium ingots that Dong-a Special Metal has begun producing include Gr.5 (Ti6Al4V) and Gr.23 (Ti6Al4V-ELI). The size is 230mm*3,000mm (max), and it is confirmed that various high-melting-point metal alloys, such as nickel-based superalloys, are also being prepared.

Jae-Ie Jang, Vice President of Dong-a Special Metal, emphasized, “In a situation where abnormal weather caused by carbon emissions is becoming a global issue, the production of Titanium sponge emits approximately 4.63 times more carbon (CO2) compared to steel.” He added, “Recycling rare metals is essential to reduce carbon emissions and prevent abnormal weather.”

Furthermore, in the United States and Europe, the rare metal recycling industry is already highly regarded, with scrap usage exceeding 90%. However, in South Korea, Titanium sponge produced in China and Russia is still being used under the pretext of cost reduction, contrary to the global trend towards carbon neutrality, according to the company.

Yoon-Kyung Ro, CEO of Dong-a Special Metal, stated, “As the aerospace and defense industries develop, the use of Titanium is expected to increase further. However, the reality is that the rare metal recycling market in South Korea is still very small.” She added, “Since someone must take the lead, Dong-a Special Metal is currently at the forefront, but we hope that more companies will take an interest in rare metal recycling, leading to a future where self-sufficient recycling is practiced, achieving true carbon neutrality.”

Efficient recycling process for rare earth elements through bioleaching and bioaccumulation

IMC University of Applied Sciences Krems

A research collaboration between BOKU Tulln and IMC University of Applied Sciences Krems is using the further development of bioleaching and bioaccumulation to develop a two-stage, environmentally friendly and sustainable process for recovering rare earth elements (rare earths).

In the bioaccumulation step, metal recovery rates of up to 85% were achieved from electronic scrap. The key to success lies in the combination of biotechnological processes. The promising foundations for these methods, which are currently under development, were recently published in Frontiers in Microbiology.

The sharp rise in demand for electronics in recent years, used in a wide range of electronic devices such as mobile phones, electric vehicles and computers, has led to an increase in waste containing rare earths. Most of this waste still ends up in landfills unused, even though rare earths are an important source of raw materials and have even been classified as critical raw materials by the EU.

For this reason, intensive research is being carried out into efficient methods of recovery. Compared to other methods, the microbiology-based methods of bioleaching and bioaccumulation represent a promising green alternative technology for recovering critical raw materials from electronic waste. It is cost-effective, does not produce hazardous or polluting secondary waste, and uses less energy.

The basic principles of the processes are based on the production of acids by certain microorganisms that can leach certain metals such as iron, copper or aluminum from the electronic waste. These metals interfere with the absorption process of valuable rare earths in the subsequent bioaccumulation. Both methods have been researched for some time by the two partners, BOKU Tulln and IMC University of Applied Sciences Krems, and the research teams have now joined forces in a promising collaboration and combined their expertise.

'Nothing comes from nothing' : Training for microbes

In addition to the researchers, the current study involved a number of other key players in the bioleaching process, which is summarized in the joint technology: bacteria of different species. For example, Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans and Alicyclobacillus disulfidooxidans, which were originally collected from an acidic mining lake (pH 2.6) in the Czech Republic and then grown together in the laboratory, were used in the bioleaching process. These acidophilic and chemolithotrophic organisms thrive in acidic environments and derive their energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds.

In terms of bioaccumulation, Escherichia coli, the well-known intestinal bacterium, proved to be the most successful accumulator of rare earths.

The main practical challenge for the enrichment process used to recover rare earths is the high content of other metals typically found in e-waste. In particular, iron, copper and aluminum interfere with the biotechnological process. To overcome this problem, the researchers came up with another innovative option: "training" the microbes. Using a device called a morbidostat developed at IST-Klosterneuburg, the organisms are gradually accustomed to higher metal concentrations. However, the bioaccumulation process has to be carried out carefully so that the organisms do not lose their ability to accumulate the valuable substances.

Efficiency in stages

The methods currently used to extract rare earths are based on chemical processes, which are associated with the formation of environmentally harmful by-products and the creation of new problematic substances. A combination of biotechnological methods has clear advantages over chemical methods, as both the leaching and the accumulation in the cells of the bacteria are environmentally friendly and sustainable, and no hazardous or polluting substances are produced at any stage of the process.

However, further research is needed to overcome the wide variation in the composition of e-waste. Even if the concentration of interfering metals such as aluminum, iron or copper is changed, the technology must work in such a way that the results are reproducible and reliable.

The researchers at BOKU and IMC Krems are pursuing several strategies to achieve this. Another strategy is to acclimate the bacteria responsible for bioleaching and bioaccumulation to high concentrations of interfering metals. This is made possible by using a system called morbidostat. In this system, the micro-organisms are exposed to a gradually increasing concentration of interfering metals. Then researchers wait until acculturation occurs and the organisms start to grow further.

Together with the conditioning of the microorganisms, systems are being tested that can trigger a reduction in the concentration of interfering metals. The materials being investigated include the so-called lignin hydrogels developed at BOKU. The combination of these strategies aims to ensure the efficiency and sustainability of the innovative combination of bioleaching and bioaccumulation to develop a new, environmentally friendly method for recycling scarce rare earths.

Cyclic Materials Expands Rare Earths Supply Chain with Synetiq Partnership

Cyclic Materials, a Canadian metals recycling company, has signed a groundbreaking agreement with Synetiq, a vehicle recycling firm based in Yorkshire, UK, to source electric motors containing rare earth elements. This marks Cyclic's first feedstock contract with a company outside North America, signifying a major step in its global expansion.

Synetiq, which specializes in vehicle salvage, dismantling, and recycling in the UK, will supply Cyclic with drive motors from hybrid and electric vehicles, as well as auxiliary motors from all types of vehicles. These motors will be processed at Cyclic's "spoke" facility using their proprietary Mag-Cycle technology. The processed materials will then be sent to Cyclic’s Hub100 plant in Ontario, Canada, for further refinement using Reepure technology.

Cyclic's advanced technologies are designed to extract magnets from end-of-life products like electric motors and convert them into valuable raw materials, including mixed rare earth oxides and cobalt-nickel hydroxides. This process is part of Cyclic's broader strategy to create a circular supply chain for rare earth elements, initially focused on North America but now extending into Europe.

This partnership with Synetiq follows a series of strategic collaborations by Cyclic. Recently, Cyclic has been working with Sims Lifecycle Services (SLS), a division of the ASX-listed metal recycler Sims, to trial their method of extracting rare earth materials from disposed hard drives. This innovative method, which has received support from Microsoft's Climate Innovation Fund, demonstrates Cyclic's commitment to sustainable recycling practices. Additionally, earlier this year, Cyclic partnered with Vacuumschmelze to recycle rare earth magnets as part of the latter’s expansion in the US and secured a deal to supply recycled mixed rare earth oxide to Solvay’s plant in La Rochelle, France, starting in late 2024.