UK scrap export restrictions could cost jobs and billions, BMRA warns

UK scrap

The UK scrap export restrictions debate now carries major economic risk, according to a BMRA-commissioned study. The report finds UK scrap export restrictions would threaten thousands of jobs and curb growth. It argues UK scrap export restrictions would weaken an already strained recycling ecosystem.

EAF transition raises demand for scrap

UK steel is shifting to electric arc furnaces that consume more scrap. If all furnaces used only scrap by 2050, they would need two-thirds of UK supply. UK steelmakers used an estimated 2.6mn t in 2023 amid closures and reduced activity. The UK generates about 10mn t of scrap each year. However, export markets currently sustain prices and liquidity for recyclers.

Policy scenarios show heavy economic losses

The study models multiple restriction options and shows steep losses. A 10% export quota could cut nearly 3,000 jobs and £880mn in five years. A 50% quota could remove over £4bn and 23,000 jobs. A non-OECD ban risks £4.9bn and about 20,000 jobs. BMRA stresses exports are the sector’s “lifeblood” that anchor viable throughput. Meanwhile, government steel strategy consultations continue this year.

The Metalnomist Commentary

Restricting scrap flows to engineer availability risks shrinking the very supply base EAFs need. A smarter path ties domestic EAF ramp-up to price-transparent, open export channels plus quality upgrades. Calibrated incentives beat blunt quotas for long-run circular capacity.

TiVac ferro-titanium liquidation reshapes UK titanium scrap and alloy supply

TiVac

TiVac ferro-titanium liquidation marks a major shift in UK ferro-titanium production and scrap demand. The TiVac ferro-titanium liquidation follows months of weak prices and high power costs that crushed already thin margins. As a result, the TiVac ferro-titanium liquidation will tighten local alloy supply while forcing scrap dealers to rethink export strategies.

TiVac ferro-titanium liquidation driven by power costs and weak prices

TiVac shut its Sheffield ferro-titanium operations because the UK cost base became unsustainable. Electricity costs stayed high while ferro-titanium prices slid toward five-year lows, leaving many contracts barely profitable. The company had nameplate capacity of 1,500 t/month, but operated closer to 500–600 t/month recently.

The TiVac ferro-titanium liquidation now triggers a full wind-down of production and scrap processing. All buildings, furnaces, crushers, equipment and land will be sold as part of the dissolution process. This closes two key Sheffield sites at Oakes Green and Blackburn Road, both long-standing hubs for processing titanium scrap into ferro-titanium.

TiVac operated under a conversion model for major traders and alloy specialists. It processed scrap and produced ferro-titanium for FE Mottram (now fully under Metraco), Metals and Alloys International, and Westbrook Light Alloys. However, this model could not withstand prolonged low prices and high UK input costs.

Supply shifts to Estonia as UK scrap faces pressure

Market logistics will now pivot as Metraco rebalances its ferro-titanium footprint. The group plans to rely on its Ti Q plant in Ahtme, Estonia, which has 600 t/month nameplate capacity and can expand further using a second furnace. Long-term UK contracts will first draw on inventory and then transition gradually to Estonian output.

Westbrook has also moved to protect its customer base during the TiVac ferro-titanium liquidation. The company expects to meet its long-term obligations from existing stock while it evaluates strategic options. Meanwhile, idle capacity at other European producers should absorb most of the lost TiVac volume, limiting short-term price impact.

The biggest immediate shock from the TiVac ferro-titanium liquidation will hit the UK titanium scrap market. TiVac’s disappearance removes a significant local buyer of titanium scrap, especially revert and offcuts suitable for FeTi production. If dealers hesitate to export to the EU because of added logistics and paperwork, domestic UK scrap prices could face downward pressure.

The closure also reshapes the UK ferro-titanium landscape. Sheffield-based Transition Metals now becomes the sole domestic producer of ferro-titanium in the UK. However, overall regional supply will remain balanced in the near term, because inventory and spare capacity at other European plants can cover reduced UK output. The longer-term question is whether UK-based ferro-titanium production can remain viable without structural relief on power and operating costs.

The Metalnomist Commentary

TiVac’s liquidation highlights how energy costs and weak alloy prices can quickly erode Europe’s titanium recycling base. For mills and superalloy buyers, supply will likely remain secure, but more material will flow through continental hubs rather than UK converters. For titanium scrap generators, the real challenge now is finding efficient export routes and maintaining value in a softer domestic market.

UK CBAM free allowances phase-out sets a nine-year glidepath under the UK emissions trading scheme

UK, CBAM

UK CBAM free allowances phase-out will reshape carbon costs for key heavy industries. UK CBAM free allowances phase-out will run from 2027 to 2035 under the UK emissions trading scheme. However, the UK plans only limited early reductions to ease the transition. Therefore, firms in covered sectors should plan for steadily rising effective carbon exposure.

The UK will apply the phase-out at sub-installation level and across all covered sectors. The scope includes aluminium, cement, fertiliser, hydrogen, iron, and steel. Meanwhile, the government does not plan to retain free allocations to offset export leakage risk. As a result, exporters may face a sharper carbon cost step-up than under hybrid models.

UK ETS free allocation review prioritises stability over conditionality

The UK ETS free allocation review keeps current benchmarks in place for 2027. The authority plans to adopt new EU benchmarks once they become available. However, it will apply those updated benchmarks from 2028 to 2030, not in 2027. Therefore, companies get a one-year buffer before benchmark changes bite.

The UK extended the 2021–25 free allocation period to 2026 to align with UK CBAM timing. Operators can exclude either 2020 or 2020–21 data from historical activity calculations. Meanwhile, this option addresses Covid-era distortions in industrial output. As a result, some sites may secure more representative baselines for 2027–30 allocations.

Uniform phase-out raises competitiveness questions for metals and materials

The UK will keep its existing carbon leakage list using historic EU-wide data. The authority will not adopt UK-specific leakage metrics for the list. However, it will also avoid tiered free allocation levels by leakage intensity. Therefore, the UK CBAM free allowances phase-out will apply more uniformly than many industries requested.

The authority rejected new conditions tied to free allocations, such as mandatory decarbonisation plans. It also rejected penalties for installations that fail to cut emissions. Meanwhile, the authority cited higher administrative burden and limited decarbonisation gains. As a result, the policy leans on price signals and border measures, not compliance gating.

The Metalnomist Commentary

This UK CBAM free allowances phase-out could tighten domestic incentives while increasing trade sensitivity for energy-intensive exporters. However, the uniform design may create uneven pain across subsectors with different abatement options. Therefore, the UK-EU ETS linking talks could become a major swing factor for industrial strategy.

UK 2035 critical minerals strategy targets domestic output and import diversification

UK, Critical Minerals

UK 2035 critical minerals strategy sets binding-style goals for supply resilience. The UK wants 10% of annual critical mineral demand met by domestic production by 2035. Meanwhile, the UK 2035 critical minerals strategy also targets no more than 60% of supply from one country.

The plan introduces a UK growth minerals list to guide investment priorities. Most of the 23 “growth minerals” also qualify as critical due to supply risk and end-use exposure. Therefore, projects that mine, process, or recycle minerals in the overlap can access tailored public support.

Faster funding and faster permits reshape the project pipeline

The UK 2035 critical minerals strategy expands state-backed finance to accelerate bankable projects. The government will channel support through UK Export Finance and a new £50mn critical mineral fund. Meanwhile, the Environment Agency will fast-track permitting and licensing for eligible projects.

This approach aims to shorten lead times across mining, processing, and recycling. However, accelerated permitting only helps if developers can still secure offtakes and equity. As a result, investors will likely favor projects with clear downstream demand signals.

Recycling and lithium targets test execution realism

The government sets a UK critical mineral recycling target of 20% of demand met from recycled products. The strategy also points to existing domestic facilities in platinum group metals, rare earth elements, and lithium. Therefore, policy makers expect recycling rules and trade provisions to close part of the gap.

The plan also targets 50,000 t/yr of domestic lithium production. However, recent project decisions highlight capital competition with allied markets. As a result, the UK will need stronger commercial incentives to keep high-value midstream capacity at home.

The strategy also backs industry-led stockpiles for the Ministry of Defence. Meanwhile, allied economies already move toward stockpiling and tighter critical mineral controls. Therefore, companies should expect more procurement-linked demand for verified, low-risk supply.

The Metalnomist Commentary

This strategy reads like a race between permitting speed and global subsidy intensity. However, the UK must anchor midstream projects with larger offtake and financing packages. Therefore, the winners will pair domestic policy support with export-aligned demand and recycling scale.

NioCorp Critical Minerals Project Secures $200 Million UK Financing

NioCorp

NioCorp critical minerals development received a major boost with up to $200 million in potential financing from UK Export Finance (UKEF). The NioCorp critical minerals project at Elk Creek in Nebraska will produce niobium, scandium, and titanium, addressing critical supply chain gaps as no US companies currently produce niobium or scandium domestically.

Strategic Partnership Advances US Critical Minerals Security

NioCorp critical minerals financing demonstrates international cooperation in securing essential materials for advanced manufacturing. UKEF expressed non-binding interest for the loan this week, contingent upon offtake agreements with UK companies for the project's output. The company has already engaged in discussions for scandium-based product agreements with potential British partners.

Meanwhile, the financing structure involves coordination with the US Export-Import Bank, creating a bilateral framework for critical minerals development. This partnership model reflects growing recognition that critical minerals supply chains require international collaboration to reduce dependence on single-source suppliers, particularly China.

Diverse Product Portfolio Targets High-Value Applications

However, the Elk Creek project addresses multiple critical mineral supply gaps across strategic industries. Niobium serves high-strength low-alloy steel production for automotive and structural applications, while scandium enhances aluminum alloys for aerospace manufacturing. Titanium finds applications in aerospace, defense, medical devices, and industrial pigments.

Therefore, NioCorp's integrated approach maximizes project economics by targeting multiple high-value end markets. The company also plans to extract rare earth elements from end-of-life rare earth magnets at the facility, creating additional revenue streams while supporting circular economy principles in critical minerals recovery.

Project Significance for Domestic Supply Chain Resilience

Furthermore, the Elk Creek facility addresses a critical vulnerability in US manufacturing supply chains. Currently, no American companies produce niobium or scandium domestically, creating dependencies on foreign suppliers for materials essential to aerospace, automotive, and defense industries. The project's development aligns with US government priorities for critical minerals supply chain security.

As a result, the UK financing arrangement demonstrates how allied nations can collaborate to strengthen collective supply chain resilience. The offtake requirement ensures British companies gain access to reliable critical minerals supplies while supporting American domestic production capabilities in strategically important materials.

The Metalnomist Commentary

NioCorp's potential $200 million UK financing arrangement exemplifies the evolving geopolitics of critical minerals development, where traditional export credit agencies support strategic resource projects beyond their borders. This bilateral approach to financing critical minerals infrastructure represents a pragmatic model for Western nations seeking to diversify supply chains away from Chinese dominance while creating mutually beneficial commercial relationships.

UK Aerospace Labour Disputes Raise New Risks for Supply Chains

UK Aerospace

UK aerospace labour disputes are increasingly unsettling production schedules and contract certainty across commercial and defence supply chains. The latest wave of UK aerospace labour disputes centres on cost-of-living pay demands that workers argue are not keeping pace with inflation. As a result, key manufacturing hubs supplying Airbus, Boeing and major defence programmes now face escalating strike risks and prolonged negotiations.

UK aerospace labour disputes spread from Collins to BAE

UK aerospace labour disputes are already disrupting a critical node in the global cabin interiors market. Unite members at Collins Aerospace’s Kilkeel plant in Northern Ireland have launched a one-day strike after rejecting a two-year pay offer. The site manufactures aircraft seating and supplies around a quarter of the world’s commercial passenger seats. Therefore, any prolonged dispute could affect delivery schedules for Airbus and Boeing cabin programmes if actions intensify. Workers rejected pay rises of 4.5pc and 4pc over two years, plus a £1,350 lump sum, arguing this fails to offset higher living costs.

Meanwhile, UK aerospace labour disputes are also brewing at BAE Systems’ Lancashire sites in Warton and Samlesbury. More than 5,000 Unite members are being balloted over a 3.6pc pay increase and a 4.5pc offer plus an extra day’s leave for shop-floor workers. As a result, possible strike action later this year could hit BAE’s military aircraft engineering operations. Samlesbury in particular supports high-value fighter platforms, meaning sustained disruption would ripple into defence supply chains and export commitments.

Airbus, however, has temporarily escaped the worst effects of UK aerospace labour disputes. Workers at its Filton and Broughton plants postponed strikes after accepting an improved package. The agreement includes a 3.6pc pay rise, a £500 one-off payment and higher employer pension contributions. This deal highlights how selectively enhanced terms can stabilise operations, even as other sites across the aerospace value chain remain in conflict.

Cross-Atlantic labour tensions reshape aerospace risk profile

Labour disputes in UK aerospace sit within a broader pattern of workforce unrest across global aviation and defence. The UK aerospace labour disputes echo parallel tensions in the US, where more than 3,200 Boeing defence machinists have been on strike since early August. Those actions target pay, conditions and job security on highly sensitive fighter and unmanned aircraft programmes. For prime contractors and tier-one suppliers, this reinforces labour relations as a core operational and financial risk factor.

At the same time, recent strikes at GE Aerospace facilities in Kentucky and Ohio show how negotiated settlements can restore stability. Workers there ended weeks of industrial action after agreeing a new labour deal in late September. However, the combined impact of these episodes is clear: investors and customers now scrutinise labour cost assumptions, contract buffers and schedule resilience more closely. OEMs and suppliers must demonstrate they can protect delivery milestones even under prolonged industrial pressure.

For airlines, defence ministries and lessors, the strategic concern is timing. Many are ramping up fleet renewal and capability programmes after pandemic-era delays. Any extension of UK aerospace labour disputes could tighten capacity for interiors, structures and systems just as demand recovers. Therefore, procurement teams may diversify suppliers, build inventory cushions or adjust contract terms to hedge against labour-driven disruptions in Europe and North America.

The Metalnomist Commentary

Labour is emerging as a key constraint in a sector already juggling supply chain bottlenecks and rising input costs. Companies that treat wage negotiations as part of long-term workforce strategy, rather than a short-term cost battle, will better protect delivery performance and customer trust. For buyers of aerospace hardware, factoring labour stability into sourcing and risk models is now as important as technical capability and price.

UK Suspends Aid to Rwanda Over M23 Conflict and Control of Key Congolese Mining Regions

M23

Sanctions Follow Rwanda-Linked Militia Takeover of Tantalum and Tin-Rich 3T Mining Zones in Eastern DRC

UK Imposes Diplomatic Sanctions on Rwanda Over Role in DRC Mineral Conflict

The UK government has paused all direct financial aid to the Rwandan government and is reviewing military cooperation in response to Rwanda’s alleged backing of M23 militants in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). The militant group, active since late January, has taken control of several key cities and critical mining areas in eastern DRC.

This move includes suspending defense training, halting export licenses for the Rwanda Defence Force, and working with international partners on broader sanctions. UK officials emphasized that humanitarian aid for Rwanda’s most vulnerable would continue but demanded a full withdrawal of Rwandan troops from Congolese territory.

M23’s Control of Strategic 3T Mines Raises Global Supply Chain Concerns

Since early 2024, M23 rebels have seized control of vital 3T mining zones—producing tantalum, tin, and tungsten—including the major Rubaya mine in North Kivu. The cities of Goma and Bukavu also fell under their control earlier this year, further solidifying the group's grip on export corridors.

According to the International Tin Supply Chain Initiative, the DRC produced over 34,000 tonnes of tantalite and mixed 3T material between 2018 and 2023—making it the top supplier in the African Great Lakes region. Comparatively, Rwanda produced around 24,000 tonnes and Burundi just 2,000 tonnes in the same period. The majority of the DRC’s 3T mining now occurs in M23-controlled areas, heightening international alarm over conflict mineral flows.

International Pressure Builds as EU and US Take Parallel Action

The US Department of the Treasury recently sanctioned Rwandan Minister of State for Regional Integration James Kabarebe, citing his alleged role in coordinating mineral exports from DRC as if sourced from Rwanda. Meanwhile, the European Parliament urged the suspension of the EU’s sustainable raw materials partnership with Rwanda, signed just in February 2024.

Rwanda has denied any support for M23 and called the UK’s actions “punitive and regrettable.” Still, pressure is mounting as Western nations reconsider diplomatic and trade ties tied to Rwanda’s role in the escalating mineral conflict.

Metalysis aluminium-scandium alloy powder enters commercial production in the UK

Metalysis

Metalysis aluminium-scandium alloy powder has reached commercial production in the UK. The move expands non-Chinese supply for a niche but strategic alloy. Meanwhile, Metalysis aluminium-scandium alloy powder targets faster deliveries for chip, defence, and aerospace customers.

Metalysis runs four Gen 2 units after doubling its operating base. Each unit produces up to 350kg per year of aluminium-scandium alloy powder. Therefore, the company positions itself for a meaningful share of a small market.

Gen 3 scale-up targets tonne output in a tight AlSc market

Metalysis plans tonne-scale output from Gen 3 units in the coming months. Nitesh Shah says the ramp will follow Gen 2 stabilisation and learning. As a result, aluminium-scandium alloy powder production could move from kilograms to tonnes faster.

Analysts estimate the aluminium-scandium market at only 3–4 tonnes per year. That tight ceiling makes reliability more valuable than headline capacity. However, even small expansions can reshape availability for high-purity powder buyers.

Export controls and semiconductor demand raise the value of Western supply

China’s export controls have pushed buyers to diversify the scandium supply chain. Metalysis aluminium-scandium alloy powder directly addresses that sourcing risk for midstream users. Meanwhile, customers increasingly prioritise traceable inputs for sensitive applications.

Chipmakers use aluminium-scandium sputtering targets in thin-film vapour deposition. They deposit aluminium-scandium nitride coatings for advanced semiconductor components. Therefore, stable AlSc alloy powder supply supports both yield control and procurement planning.

Defence and aerospace customers also dilute the powder with aluminium to make lightweight, high-strength alloys. That pathway links scandium availability to platform modernisation and airframe efficiency. However, the market will still demand strict quality control and consistent particle specifications.

The Metalnomist Commentary

Metalysis has entered a strategically important bottleneck, not a bulk metals market. Export controls will keep rewarding qualified non-Chinese suppliers with proven delivery. The next signal will come from Gen 3 qualification with semiconductor-grade customers.

European Aluminium Industry Pushes for Scrap Export Restrictions

Al scrap

Rising Pressure for Scrap Export Controls

The European aluminium scrap market is facing mounting pressure as supply tightness collides with strong export demand. Industry groups such as European Aluminium and Aluminium Deutschland have intensified lobbying for export tariffs to secure domestic scrap supply. Their push comes as the US raises tariffs on primary aluminium imports, potentially boosting American demand for European scrap.

Exports of European aluminium scrap surged in recent years, particularly to Asia. The EU and UK together shipped 1.57mn tonnes in 2024, a 23pc increase compared with 2022. India and China accounted for the bulk of these flows, while exports to the US, though smaller, grew sharply. European Aluminium warned that rising US interest, combined with current supply shortages, risks creating a “full-blown scrap crisis.”

Industry Debate and Market Risks

However, not all stakeholders agree that restrictions are the solution. Scrap merchants argue that supply shortfalls are driven more by weak industrial activity than by exports. Low production in automotive, construction, and machinery has reduced available grades like aluminium turnings, which are essential for European secondary smelters. They caution that tariffs may not address these structural issues and could trigger reciprocal trade barriers, complicating Europe’s own scrap imports.

At the same time, many producers identify high energy costs as the bigger threat to smelter viability. Merchants note that no smelter closures have been directly tied to scrap shortages, while escalating electricity prices have forced cutbacks. Despite this, calls for restrictions continue to gain traction, reflecting a broader trend of resource nationalism as countries prioritize domestic recycling over exports.

The Metalnomist Commentary

The debate over aluminium scrap export restrictions underscores a critical tension between free trade and industrial security. While tariffs may stabilize domestic availability, they risk distorting markets and inviting retaliation. The EU must weigh these risks carefully, especially as global competition for low-carbon feedstock intensifies. Energy costs, more than scrap scarcity, remain the sector’s existential challenge.

China Titanium Consumption 2025 Rises as Export Challenges Persist

China Titanium, Xinnuo Titanium

China titanium consumption 2025 is expected to rise slightly, driven by demand from aerospace, electronics, and power industries. However, Chinese titanium producers continue to face significant export barriers in Western markets, especially the U.S. and EU, due to tariffs and certification hurdles.

Aerospace and 3C Sectors Lead Titanium Demand Growth

China consumed 151,000 tonnes of titanium mill products in 2024, up 1.6% year-on-year, according to CNIA-Ti. The aerospace sector recorded the largest growth, consuming 32,193 tonnes—an increase of 2,816 tonnes from 2023. The power industry followed, supported by growth in renewable energy, while 3C (computer, communication, and consumer electronics) demand rose by 10% to 11,000 tonnes, with Apple, Samsung, and Huawei sourcing parts from local suppliers.

Chemical applications remained the largest titanium-consuming sector at 48.5% of total demand, but usage in chemicals, ocean engineering, and salt manufacturing declined. Shipbuilding also saw steady growth, increasing consumption by 1,191 tonnes to 4,933 tonnes.

Titanium Sponge Output Rises, Led by China and Saudi Arabia

Global titanium sponge production increased by 12% in 2024 to 380,300 tonnes. China led with 256,000 tonnes, up 36%, accounting for 67% of global output. Saudi Arabia followed with a 17% rise to 15,000 tonnes. Japan’s sponge output declined 3.5% to 55,000 tonnes, while Ukrainian production remained at zero.

Russia's VSMPO-Avisma and Solikamsk produced between 20,000 and 26,500 tonnes, while Western buyers continue sourcing from Russia due to limited alternatives, despite sanctions and restrictions.

Export Market Access Remains a Major Hurdle

Chinese titanium exporters are eager to enter Western aerospace markets, but qualification requirements for sponge and semi-finished products like billets and bars remain a key challenge. In the U.S., a 20% tariff on titanium products imposed in early 2024 has stalled contract negotiations. Although titanium is exempt from reciprocal tariff increases, the uncertainty has added risk for long-term buyers.

In contrast, the EU and UK have suspended some titanium tariffs for aerospace, but supply chains remain locked into existing agreements with qualified Western producers. Market penetration remains difficult despite strong output growth in China.

The Metalnomist Commentary

The China titanium consumption 2025 forecast reflects steady domestic growth, led by aerospace and electronics. However, real global competitiveness hinges on overcoming certification and tariff-related export hurdles, particularly in Western aerospace markets still reliant on legacy Russian supply chains.

China Zirconium Oxychloride Prices Hit Three-Year High on Hafnium Demand

Zirconium Oxychloride

China zirconium oxychloride prices have climbed to their highest level in more than three years as higher zircon sand costs, stronger hafnium demand and tighter spot availability reshape the market. Prices for 36% grade material reached 17,500-18,000 yuan/t on 2 June.

China zirconium oxychloride prices have risen by about 35% at the midpoint since early March. Producers began lifting offers after falling prices compressed margins between July 2025 and March 2026.

China zirconium oxychloride prices are expected to remain supported as major international zircon sand suppliers increase third-quarter offers into China. Higher raw material costs are combining with expanding aerospace, nuclear and industrial gas turbine demand.

The market is also tightening structurally as some Chinese producers divert material away from the spot market and into higher-value zirconium and hafnium processing.

Zircon Sand Costs Push Oxychloride Production Higher

Zircon sand is the main feedstock for zirconium oxychloride production, making changes in concentrate pricing critical to downstream economics.

Major suppliers outside China have raised third-quarter export offers. South African producer Richards Bay Minerals increased new-business pricing significantly from first-quarter levels, with 66% zircon sand expected at $1,680-1,780/t cif China.

Tronox has also lifted third-quarter prices. Australian-origin 66% zircon sand is now offered at $1,950-1,975/t cif China, while South African-origin material is priced at $1,935-1,955/t.

The increases reflect tighter availability, higher operating costs and reduced production by some heavy mineral producers following weaker margins.

Chinese domestic zircon sand prices have moved in the same direction. Prices for 65% grade material reached 10,100-10,300 yuan/t in early June, up about 11% from mid-March.

These increases are squeezing zirconium chemical producers. Higher feedstock costs must increasingly be passed through into oxychloride pricing to protect margins.

Spot availability has tightened further because some producers have reduced commercial supply. Zibo Huantuo stopped supplying the open market after its acquisition by Shenzhen SinoHf, with production redirected into high-purity and nuclear-grade hafnium and zirconium feedstock.

Liaoning Huaxiang has also remained offline after suspending its 13,000 t/yr oxychloride operation in November 2025 because of losses.

Hafnium and Export Demand Tighten Zirconium Feedstock

Hafnium has become one of the strongest sources of incremental zirconium oxychloride demand. New projects have emerged to meet demand from industrial gas turbines, aerospace and nuclear applications.

China’s hafnium sector consumed around 43,000t of oxychloride in 2025, representing roughly 15% of domestic output of about 280,000t.

Demand has accelerated further this year. Hafnium producers purchased an estimated 15,975t of oxychloride in January-April, up 69% from a year earlier.

This growth is strategically important because hafnium and zirconium are chemically closely associated and require complex separation. Rising demand for high-purity hafnium can therefore pull more zirconium oxychloride into specialised downstream processing.

Export demand is also strengthening. China exported 19,709t of zirconium oxychloride in January-April, up 24% from a year earlier.

Japan was the largest growth market, with imports more than doubling to 10,510t. Shipments to India and the UK also increased significantly.

Unlike several other strategic metals, zirconium is not currently covered by China’s dual-use export control scheme. That has allowed international demand to continue flowing through normal commercial channels.

However, higher raw material prices and reduced spot availability are tightening the market regardless of export controls. Many regular buyers have already secured June-July contracts to reduce exposure to further price increases.

The combination of rising zircon sand costs, stronger hafnium consumption and shrinking spot supply suggests zirconium oxychloride prices could remain firm into the third quarter.

The Metalnomist Commentary

The zirconium market is being pulled upward by more than raw material inflation. Hafnium demand from aerospace, nuclear and gas turbines is converting zirconium oxychloride into a strategically tighter feedstock, increasing the value of integrated Zr-Hf processing capacity.

Russian PGMs Continue Flowing to Europe via East Asia Despite Direct Import Declines

Russian PGMs Mining

Hong Kong and China Re-export Platinum and Palladium to Europe as Shortages Persist and Prices Stay Depressed

Russian Metal Flows Persist Despite Western Sanctions

Russian-origin platinum group metals (PGMs) continued entering European markets in 2024, despite significant declines in direct exports. Instead, the metal flowed indirectly via Hong Kong and China, both of which ramped up PGM exports after stockpiling Russian volumes in 2023–2024.

The UK, for instance, imported a quarter of Hong Kong’s 857,379 oz of platinum in the first eleven months of 2024—up 500% year-on-year, despite zero direct imports from Russia for two consecutive years.

Re-export Surge Undercuts African Suppliers

As the UK increased platinum imports via Asia, its platinum purchases from South Africa—the world’s largest platinum producer—fell 4% year-on-year. Market participants say rebranded Russian metal, sold at a discount, is undercutting South African supply in Europe.

Meanwhile, Switzerland absorbed most of Hong Kong’s 121,682 oz of palladium exports in 2024, sharply up from prior years. China’s palladium exports also jumped 87%, with half shipped to Switzerland, reinforcing the growing role of East Asia as a trade intermediary.

Global Deficit Grows as Output Shrinks

With supply tight, the EU and UK may continue to rely on these indirect Russian flows. According to the World Platinum Investment Council, platinum and palladium demand will remain robust through 2025, even as global production falls.

Non-Russian producers are scaling back: Sibanye-Stillwater announced job cuts at its U.S. palladium mine, and Impala Platinum may shut its Canadian Lac des Iles site early. Despite tightness, spot prices remain weak, limiting producer incentives to boost output.

Europe's Strategic Dilemma in PGM Supply

Palladium prices have plunged 57% in 2023, followed by another 36% drop in 2024, averaging $998/oz, per Johnson Matthey data. Although sanctions remain in place, Europe’s automotive and industrial sectors have few alternatives for essential PGMs.

Market insiders expect indirect Russian-origin PGM flows into Europe to persist in the medium term, particularly as Asia profits from discounted access. The gap between policy and procurement realities is widening, reinforcing the fragility of Europe’s critical metals strategy.

Tungsten West Requires $93M to Restart Hemerdon Mine Amid Supply Crunch

Tungsten West

UK Miner Seeks Financing as Global Tungsten Prices Surge

Tungsten West requires $93M to restart Hemerdon mine, targeting a 2026 relaunch amid tightening global tungsten supplies. The UK-based company detailed its plans to recommence production at the Hemerdon site in Devon, home to the world’s third-largest tungsten deposit. The total estimated cost excludes financing charges, with the company aiming to secure funding by the end of 2025.

Tungsten West is currently in talks with government-backed agencies in the UK, US, and EU, alongside specialist mining investors, tungsten intermediaries, and end-users. The mine is projected to produce 332,000 metric tonne units (mtu) of tungsten trioxide and 462 tonnes of tin annually over an initial 11-year span, with an additional four years of processing stockpiled material. Although the project was originally slated to restart in 2021, inflation and permitting delays pushed the timeline back.

Supply Shortages and Chinese Export Restrictions Drive Urgency

The decision comes amid tightening global tungsten supply, with prices sharply rising in response to falling inventories and limited Chinese exports. Since February, Beijing has expanded export licence requirements, further restricting global access to tungsten. As a result, European tungsten concentrate prices surged this week to $330–350/dmtu, up over 30% from January’s $260–270/dmtu levels—marking the highest since the benchmark’s inception in 2017.

Meanwhile, European APT prices climbed to $410–430/dmtu, with critically low stockpiles exacerbating upward pressure. As Tungsten West requires $93M to restart Hemerdon mine, the company positions itself as a vital alternative source for downstream consumers increasingly exposed to price volatility and supply chain risk.

The Metalnomist Commentary

Tungsten West’s financing push is timely and strategically critical. With China tightening control over exports and European inventories dwindling, the Hemerdon mine could become a cornerstone in rebalancing Western tungsten supply chains—if capital is secured before market constraints worsen.

NioCorp Elk Creek critical minerals funding widens US Sc-Nb-Ti supply

Elk Creek Project

DoD backs Elk Creek with $10mn milestone award

NioCorp Elk Creek critical minerals funding advances with a DoD award of up to $10mn. The funding supports scandium production at Elk Creek, Nebraska. The grant falls under Defense Production Act Title III with performance milestones. Therefore, NioCorp Elk Creek critical minerals funding strengthens US materials resilience. The project targets scandium, niobium, and titanium outputs for strategic supply chains.

Financing stack positions project for construction readiness

The company adds export credit support to the plan. NioCorp expects up to $200mn from UK Export Finance. It is also pursuing up to $800mn from US EXIM. As a result, NioCorp Elk Creek critical minerals funding now blends grants and debt. This stack could accelerate long-lead procurement and engineering. It also improves bankability for a polymetallic flow sheet.

The project targets multiple high-value markets. Scandium enhances aluminum alloys for aerospace and defense platforms. Niobium strengthens HSLA steel used in autos and infrastructure. Titanium adds corrosion resistance for energy and industrial uses. Meanwhile, domestic production can reduce import exposure and lead times. Offtake talks could unlock additional financing flexibility.

Execution risks remain despite policy support. The DoD award requires milestone delivery. Market prices for scandium and niobium can be thin and volatile. However, diversified revenue across Sc-Nb-Ti can help smooth cycles. Permitting, EPC readiness, and grid interconnects also matter. Robust ESG practices will aid lender diligence and OEM adoption.

The Metalnomist Commentary

US re-shoring needs scalable inputs beyond copper and lithium. Elk Creek’s blended financing suggests a maturing toolkit for niche critical minerals. Watch for binding offtakes and EPC notices; those will signal true project momentum.

US Titanium Scrap Imports and Exports Decline in 4Q Amid Supply Chain Disruptions

US Titanium Scrap

Titanium Scrap Trade Faces Challenges as US Imports and Exports Fall in the Fourth Quarter

US titanium scrap imports and exports experienced a decline in the fourth quarter of 2024, according to recent US customs data. Weaker demand, especially triggered by a seven-week strike at Boeing, led to disruptions in supply chains, significantly affecting titanium scrap trade volumes. Imports fell by 5% to 6,779 metric tonnes (t), marking the lowest total since the first quarter of 2024.

Factors Behind the Decline in US Titanium Scrap Imports

The 5% decrease in imports can be attributed to reduced demand for titanium scrap. Boeing's strike had a substantial impact on supply chains, particularly in aerospace, which is a major consumer of titanium. As a result, the overall import volume dropped. The UK remained the top source of titanium scrap to the US, increasing shipments by 21% to 1,235t, which accounted for about 18% of US imports. On the other hand, imports from Canada fell by 27% to 588t, while shipments from Germany and Japan also decreased by double digits.

US Exports and Shifting Global Markets

US titanium scrap exports also declined, albeit slightly. Total exports fell by 1% to 2,701t. This was primarily driven by reduced prices from overseas markets and the typical seasonal slowdown in manufacturing during the holidays. India emerged as the top destination for US titanium scrap, with exports rising by 59% to 689t. Conversely, exports to Canada fell by 23% to 599t, while shipments to the UK rose by 24% to 397t.

Exports to Mexico surged by 590%, reaching 352t, while exports to South Korea and Germany dropped significantly. Exports to South Korea fell by 77% to 56t, and shipments to Germany declined by 59% to 41t. Despite these fluctuations, US titanium scrap exports for the full year saw a significant increase, rising by 18% to 11,756t, the highest in four years.

Conclusion: A Mixed Outlook for US Titanium Scrap Trade

The fourth-quarter data reveals both challenges and opportunities in the US titanium scrap trade. While imports faced declines due to supply chain disruptions, export volumes saw a notable rise for the full year. The shift in export destinations, particularly the rise in demand from India and Mexico, suggests evolving global market dynamics for US titanium scrap. Going forward, the US titanium scrap trade will need to navigate these changes while adjusting to the impact of global supply chain and economic conditions.

ATTM Titanium Sponge Operations Continue Despite Middle East Freight Risk

ATTM

ATTM titanium sponge operations remain normal despite rising logistics pressure from the war in the Middle East. The Saudi Arabian titanium sponge producer has reported no direct operational impact and does not expect material disruption to exports at this stage.

The company is a joint venture between Saudi group AMIC and Japan’s Toho Titanium. Its plant is located in Yanbu, on Saudi Arabia’s Red Sea coast, giving the facility strategic access to international titanium feedstock and export routes.

ATTM titanium sponge operations matter because the company supplies aerospace-grade titanium sponge to major Western markets, including the US, UK, France, and Italy. It also supplies ferro-titanium grades to Estonia, with smaller volumes shipped elsewhere.

Titanium Supply Chain Faces Freight and Feedstock Exposure

Regional freight markets have become more volatile as conflict disrupts shipping routes and energy-linked supply chains across the Middle East. Several aluminium production facilities have already faced production pressure because they could not secure imported feedstocks, energy supplies, or export access.

ATTM said it is actively managing logistics and does not anticipate material export disruption. This is important because Saudi Arabia imports most of its titanium ore and concentrate feedstocks from Mozambique and Australia.

ATTM titanium sponge operations therefore depend not only on plant performance, but also on inbound ore logistics and outbound sponge shipment routes. Any sustained disruption in freight availability, insurance costs, or port access could still affect titanium supply timing even if production remains stable.

Aerospace Sponge Output Remains Strategically Important

ATTM produced 12,000t of titanium sponge in 2025, compared with a nameplate capacity of 15,600 t/yr. That makes the company a meaningful non-Russian and non-Chinese titanium sponge source for aerospace and industrial customers.

The company’s relationship with Toho Titanium also strengthens its technical position. Aerospace-grade sponge requires strict control over chemistry, trace elements, and production consistency, making qualification and supplier reliability more important than spot-market availability.

For Western aerospace supply chains, stable ATTM titanium sponge operations provide reassurance during a period of geopolitical stress. However, the situation also highlights a broader vulnerability: titanium sponge supply remains concentrated in a small number of qualified producers, while feedstock logistics depend on long-distance maritime routes.

The Metalnomist Commentary

ATTM’s stability is positive for aerospace titanium buyers, but the real risk sits in logistics rather than furnace operations. Titanium sponge customers should treat Middle East freight disruption as a supply-chain risk that can emerge before production itself is affected.

Premier African Minerals Zulu Lithium Project Raises Cash as Zimbabwe Pushes Beneficiation

Zulu lithium project

Premier African Minerals Zulu lithium project development has received fresh short-term funding after the UK-based miner raised £750,000 to continue work at its lithium and tantalum project in Zimbabwe. The financing will support site operations and help complete the project’s new flotation plant.

The company raised the funds through a new share issue priced at 0.0126p per share. Premier said the project needed steady working capital now that most of the plant hardware had been installed.

Premier African Minerals Zulu lithium project progress comes as Zimbabwe tightens its raw material policy. The country halted exports of raw lithium ore and concentrates on 25 February to encourage domestic beneficiation and capture more value from its lithium resources.

Flotation Plant Commissioning Becomes Near-Term Priority

The new funding will help Premier finish and commission the flotation plant during the second quarter. The plant is designed to extract lithium-rich minerals from crushed slurry, making it central to the project’s move toward saleable processed material.

Premier said flotation cells had been installed, while pumps for product and waste streams had been mounted and wired. Pipe crews were also connecting the new plant to the wider processing circuit.

The company has stockpiled about 5,000t of ore for initial testing. Its process engineering team is preparing a commissioning plan, which will determine how quickly the plant can move from mechanical completion to stable production.

Zimbabwe Export Ban Raises Pressure for Local Processing

Zimbabwe’s raw lithium export ban has increased pressure on miners to install processing capacity inside the country. For Premier African Minerals Zulu lithium project economics, this makes the flotation plant more important than a standard processing upgrade.

The policy shift reflects Zimbabwe’s broader ambition to move beyond raw mineral exports. By forcing more domestic beneficiation, the government aims to increase local value creation from lithium, tantalum, and other strategic minerals.

For investors, the key issue is execution. Premier must convert installed equipment, stockpiled ore, and new working capital into a functioning processing circuit that can operate under Zimbabwe’s stricter export framework.

The Metalnomist Commentary

Premier’s raise is small, but its timing is strategically important. Zimbabwe’s lithium policy is forcing miners to prove that local beneficiation is not just a political slogan, but a workable processing model.

NioCorp Elk Creek project secures fresh funding for critical minerals push

NioCorp

The NioCorp Elk Creek project is moving closer to construction after the company outlined plans to raise an additional $60mn. The NioCorp Elk Creek project, located in Nebraska, targets production of scandium, niobium, titanium and other critical minerals needed for advanced manufacturing. This latest funding move comes just a week after NioCorp closed a $50mn share offering, underscoring growing investor confidence in the NioCorp Elk Creek project and its strategic role in North America’s supply chain.

Equity raise underpins NioCorp Elk Creek project construction

NioCorp will issue about 9.8mn new shares at $6.15 per share through a placement arranged by US investment bank Maxim Group. The proceeds will help launch construction of the NioCorp Elk Creek project and support its transition toward commercial-scale production. In addition, the funding will cover general working capital needs as the company advances engineering, procurement and early site works. By leaning on equity rather than pure debt, NioCorp reduces balance sheet pressure at an early stage of the NioCorp Elk Creek project, which can be important in volatile critical minerals markets.

Strategic backing highlights importance of critical minerals

Beyond equity markets, the NioCorp Elk Creek project has attracted support from government-backed financiers. The project has secured up to $10mn in funding from the US Department of Defense, reflecting the strategic importance of scandium, niobium and titanium for aerospace, defense and high-performance alloys. It has also lined up $200mn from UK Export Finance, signalling international interest in diversifying critical mineral supply chains. As a result, the NioCorp Elk Creek project is emerging as a potential pillar in efforts to reduce dependence on overseas sources for high-spec material used in lightweight alloys, clean energy technologies and advanced infrastructure.

The Metalnomist Commentary

The funding pipeline around Elk Creek shows how quickly capital can mobilise when critical minerals, defense needs and supply chain security align. The next test will be NioCorp’s ability to execute on time and on budget in a sector where cost inflation and project delays remain common. If delivered, Elk Creek could become a benchmark for integrated scandium, niobium and titanium supply in North America.

Automotive Raw Material Supply Chains Hit Localisation Limits

Automotive

Automotive raw material supply chains are becoming the main constraint on electric vehicle localisation as carmakers seek more control over strategic components. Automakers want regional supply chains, but battery metals, rare earths and processed inputs still depend on global mining and refining networks.

Automotive raw material supply chains have shifted from pure efficiency toward resilience, security and geopolitical risk management. The industry is no longer trying only to minimise cost. It is trying to protect production from export controls, licensing delays, trade restrictions and raw material shortages.

Automotive raw material supply chains therefore cannot be fully localised by assembling batteries, motors or electronics closer to vehicle plants. The deeper constraint sits upstream, where lithium, nickel, cobalt, manganese and rare earth materials remain tied to global extraction and processing capacity.

The result is a more selective supply-chain model. Automakers will regionalise the components they can control, while still relying on global raw materials for the minerals and refined products they cannot replace quickly.

EV Localisation Still Depends on Global Critical Minerals

Jaguar Land Rover has decided to control three critical parts of electric propulsion: battery assembly, electric drive units and energy management systems. This gives the company more control over the final systems that define EV performance.

However, vertical integration has limits. Even if an automaker controls battery assembly or electric drive units, it may not control the lithium chemicals, nickel sulphate, cobalt, manganese, graphite or rare earth magnets inside those systems.

Permanent magnet motors remain one of the clearest pressure points. Electric drive units depend on rare earth materials that are still heavily exposed to Chinese processing, magnet production and export licensing.

Obtaining magnet raw materials from China has become more difficult from a licensing perspective. This shows how export controls can affect vehicle production even when the final assembly line is located in Europe or the US.

Battery supply chains face the same structural problem. Automakers can localise pack assembly, module production and software integration, but raw material exposure remains global.

Lithium, nickel, cobalt and manganese supply depends on mine locations, refining capacity, chemical conversion and government policy. These inputs cannot be made local simply by building a battery plant near an auto factory.

This changes the meaning of automotive localisation. The next phase will be less about full independence and more about reducing exposure to single-country bottlenecks.

Recycling and Traceability Become Strategic Tools

Critical minerals recycling is becoming a strategic issue for automakers, not only an environmental goal. Black mass recovery can eventually return lithium, nickel, cobalt, copper and other materials into the supply chain.

Recycling can reduce raw material exposure over time. But it depends on enough end-of-life batteries, reliable collection systems, safe transport, processing capacity and customer acceptance of recovered materials.

The UK’s critical minerals strategy reflects this reality. Domestic production, partner-country supply agreements and recycling can improve resilience, but full self-sufficiency is not realistic.

That point matters for manufacturers. Supply security will depend on diversified sourcing, trusted partners, recycling loops and traceable material flows rather than a complete break from global markets.

The shift will also affect pricing. Materials may increasingly carry value based on origin, regulatory acceptability, sustainability documentation and licensing risk.

A battery metal or rare earth input from a secure and traceable source may command a premium over lower-cost material with higher geopolitical or compliance risk.

For automakers, the strategic challenge is clear. They must control more of the EV system while accepting that critical mineral supply will remain globally contested.

For metals suppliers, the opportunity is also clear. Producers that can offer traceable, compliant and secure supply will become more valuable to automotive customers than suppliers competing only on price.

The Metalnomist Commentary

Automakers are learning that EV localisation stops where raw material dependence begins. The winners in automotive supply security will be those that connect local manufacturing with diversified minerals, recycling capacity and credible traceability.

New US Tariffs Could Significantly Impact European Aluminium Scrap Exports

Aluminium Scrap

European aluminium recycling faces challenges as US tariffs on scrap imports rise.

The recent announcement of new tariffs by the United States government, particularly on aluminium scrap from Europe, is sending ripples through the European aluminium recycling industry. The sweeping tariff adjustments, which were introduced by US President Donald Trump on April 2, threaten to significantly reduce the flow of European aluminium scrap to the US. With these new measures, aluminium scrap will face a substantial tariff, making it less attractive for US buyers.

Impact of New Tariffs on Aluminium Scrap Exports

The new tariffs, set to take effect on April 9, place aluminium scrap imports from Europe under a 20% tariff, while imports from the UK will face a slightly lower 10% tariff. This comes after the previously established 25% tariff on primary aluminium imports from Europe, which was put in place last month. As a result, the cost of importing aluminium scrap from Europe will be nearly as high as that for importing primary aluminium, significantly altering the economics of aluminium recycling.

Historically, the US had been a major buyer of European aluminium scrap, with many industries using recycled aluminium as an alternative to primary aluminium. The new tariffs, however, will likely make scrap imports much less appealing to US buyers, pushing them to explore other options. This comes after previous expectations that the US would turn to aluminium scrap as a more affordable alternative to primary aluminium, which is now burdened by hefty tariffs.

Reactions from Industry Associations

Industry associations such as European Aluminium and Aluminium Deutschland have voiced concerns over the new tariffs, as they undermine the viability of aluminium scrap exports. These associations had earlier called for export restrictions on scrap due to fears that large-scale shipments of aluminium scrap could exacerbate market imbalances. With the tariffs in place, the likelihood of scrap exports to the US is expected to diminish significantly.

European Aluminium has indicated that it is closely monitoring the situation to determine its next steps regarding export restrictions. Aluminium Deutschland, however, has yet to comment on the matter.

What This Means for the Aluminium Recycling Industry

These new tariffs could lead to a shift in the global aluminium market. If European aluminium scrap becomes less competitive due to high tariffs, it may force US buyers to seek out other sources of aluminium scrap, possibly from domestic markets or alternative suppliers. Additionally, this could put pressure on European recyclers, who may face reduced demand for their products, forcing them to explore new markets or adjust their pricing strategies.

As the situation evolves, the aluminium recycling industry in Europe will need to adapt to these new challenges, either by lobbying for changes in tariff policies or by finding ways to remain competitive in an increasingly restricted global market.