Chile Rio Tinto Lithium Deposit Partnership Secures Largest Undeveloped Resource

Chile Rio Tinto

Chile Rio Tinto lithium deposit partnership emerged as Chile's national mining company Enami selected the Anglo-Australian miner to explore and develop the Altoandinos project, the country's largest undeveloped lithium deposit. The Chile Rio Tinto lithium deposit agreement establishes a public-private concession with Rio Tinto holding 51% ownership while Enami retains 49%, representing a combined $3 billion investment where Rio Tinto contributes $425 million for access to over 15 million tonnes of lithium carbonate equivalent resources.

Competitive Selection Process Validates Rio Tinto's Technology Leadership

Chile Rio Tinto lithium deposit selection followed Enami's unanimous board decision choosing Rio Tinto from a competitive pool including China's BYD, France's Eramet, and South Korea's Posco. Rio Tinto's proprietary direct lithium extraction (DLE) technology provided the decisive advantage, offering faster and more environmentally friendly operations compared to traditional evaporation methods. The DLE approach eliminates brine evaporation requirements while accelerating production timelines and reducing environmental impact.

Meanwhile, Rio Tinto's Rincon plant in Argentina serves as a demonstration and pilot facility for Chilean operations since both brine deposits share similar chemical compositions. This existing operational experience provides technical validation and reduces development risks for the Altoandinos project. Rio Tinto will assume complete operational responsibility while financing the project through financial operation and contributing to pre-feasibility study expenses.

Massive Resource Scale Supports 75,000 Tonne Annual Production

However, the Altoandinos salt flat contains substantial lithium resources exceeding 15 million tonnes of lithium carbonate equivalent with production capacity reaching 75,000 tonnes annually according to Enami projections. This production scale positions the project among global lithium industry leaders while supporting Chile's strategic objectives for lithium sector development. The resource magnitude justifies the $3 billion investment commitment from both partnership participants.

Therefore, the project timeline remains under development with no specific operational start date announced pending pre-feasibility study completion and regulatory approvals. The comprehensive development approach ensures technical optimization while addressing environmental and social considerations essential for sustainable lithium extraction. Rio Tinto's operational expertise combined with Enami's local knowledge creates optimal conditions for successful project implementation.

Strategic Expansion Reinforces Chile Lithium Market Leadership

Furthermore, the Altoandinos partnership follows Rio Tinto's recent selection by Chilean copper giant Codelco for the Maricunga salt flat exploration, representing Chile's second-largest undeveloped lithium deposit. This dual partnership positioning demonstrates Rio Tinto's strategic commitment to Chilean lithium development while reinforcing Chile's global lithium market leadership. The concurrent projects create synergies for technology deployment and operational efficiency.

As a result, Chile strengthens its position as the world's premier lithium jurisdiction through strategic partnerships with established international miners possessing advanced extraction technologies. The public-private partnership model enables state participation in resource development while leveraging private sector expertise and capital. This approach maximizes economic benefits while maintaining national control over strategic mineral resources essential for global energy transition.

The Metalnomist Commentary

Chile's selection of Rio Tinto for both the Altoandinos and Maricunga lithium projects demonstrates sophisticated resource development strategy that prioritizes advanced extraction technology and environmental sustainability over purely financial considerations. The emphasis on direct lithium extraction capabilities reflects Chile's commitment to maintaining global lithium leadership through technological innovation, particularly important as competition intensifies from emerging producers in Argentina, Australia, and other jurisdictions seeking market share.

Hancock Lithium Mine Plan Advances as Spodumene Prices Recover

Hancock Lithium Mine

Hancock lithium mine plans in Western Australia are moving forward as stronger lithium concentrate prices revive confidence in large-scale spodumene development. Hancock Prospecting plans to build the A$1bn Andover mine, targeting production of up to 1.1mn t/yr of lithium concentrate.

Hancock lithium mine construction is scheduled to start in November 2028, with a two-year construction period. The project is planned for a 30-year operating life and would process 6mn t/yr of ore.

Hancock lithium mine development reflects a shift in lithium sentiment after the deep price collapse that forced project delays and suspensions across the sector. Spodumene prices have rebounded as Chinese battery demand improves and supply expectations tighten.

The Andover project is strategically important because Australia remains one of the world’s key hard-rock lithium supply bases. New capacity from Western Australia could support converters, battery producers and electric vehicle supply chains seeking long-term spodumene feedstock.

Andover Adds Scale to Western Australia’s Spodumene Pipeline

The Andover mine would become a major new lithium concentrate source if developed as planned. Annual output of up to 1.1mn t would give the project meaningful weight in the seaborne spodumene market.

The project sits within a broader ownership structure shaped by recent consolidation. Hancock Prospecting and Chilean lithium producer SQM partnered to acquire Azure Minerals in a A$1.7bn deal completed in May 2024 through their jointly owned company, SH Mining.

Andover is 60% owned by Azure, while Croydon Gold, a subsidiary of the Creasy Group, holds the remaining 40%. The involvement of Hancock and SQM gives the project both Australian mining strength and global lithium-market experience.

SQM’s role is especially relevant. The Chilean producer brings downstream lithium market knowledge, while Hancock adds financial capacity and Australian project execution capability.

The planned 30-year mine life also matters. Battery supply chains need long-duration feedstock sources, not only short-cycle spot supply. A project of this scale could support long-term offtake and conversion strategies.

Price Recovery Revives Lithium Project Economics

The Andover plan comes after a sharp recovery in spodumene concentrate prices. Prices rose in April as tighter supply expectations followed Zimbabwe’s introduction of export quotas for lithium concentrate.

Spodumene prices had previously collapsed to $900-1,100/t cif China in January 2024, down 83% after supply growth outpaced demand. That downturn forced many lithium developers to slow, delay or reassess projects.

Prices later began recovering in late 2025 as demand from China’s lithium-ion battery sector improved market sentiment. Stronger pricing has now made large hard-rock projects more attractive again.

However, lithium remains a volatile market. New supply from Australia, Africa, South America and China can quickly change balances if demand growth slows or inventories rebuild.

For Hancock, timing will be critical. Construction is not expected to start until late 2028, meaning the project will enter the market after the current price recovery has already been tested by several more years of battery demand and supply growth.

The strategic value remains clear. If lithium demand continues to rise from electric vehicles and energy storage, Andover could become an important feedstock source for global converters. If supply again expands too quickly, project economics may face renewed pressure.

The Metalnomist Commentary

Hancock’s Andover plan shows that lithium investment confidence is returning, but only for projects with scale, strong sponsors and long-term strategic value. The market has recovered from its deepest downturn, but future winners will still need cost discipline and secure downstream demand.

GEMC Eyes Stake in Alberta Lithium Project

Global Energy Metals Corporation

Global Energy Metals Moves to Acquire 19.9% Interest in Peace River Lithium Project

Global Energy Metals Corporation (GEMC), a Canadian critical mineral exploration and development company, has taken a significant step toward expanding its lithium portfolio. The company recently signed a non-binding letter of intent with NeoLithica to acquire a stake in the Peace River lithium project in Alberta, Canada.

Details of the Agreement and the Peace River Project

The agreement gives GEMC an 18-month option to purchase a 19.9% interest in the Peace River lithium project for C$1.5 million, a combination of cash and shares. This potential acquisition marks a significant move by GEMC as it seeks to secure a stake in one of Canada’s promising lithium projects.

Located approximately 500 km northwest of Edmonton, the Peace River lithium project is a lithium brine deposit. The project has an inferred resource estimate of 10 million metric tonnes (mt) of lithium carbonate equivalent. The deposit is seen as a significant resource in Canada’s growing lithium sector, essential for the production of battery-grade lithium compounds used in electric vehicle (EV) batteries.

Future Plans for the Peace River Lithium Project

NeoLithica, the project’s developer, is planning to commission a preliminary assessment following the completion of demonstration pilots in early 2025. The aim is to convert the extracted lithium concentrate into battery-grade lithium compounds, which is key to meeting the growing demand for lithium in the energy transition and EV industries.

With the global push for cleaner energy and the demand for EVs, lithium projects like the Peace River lithium deposit are increasingly seen as crucial to the future of energy storage and transportation. GEMC’s involvement in the project could strengthen its position in the critical minerals sector, particularly as lithium remains in high demand due to its role in battery technologies.

Lopal Marble Bar Lithium Project Deal Extends Chinese Battery Material Supply Strategy

Lopal

Lopal Marble Bar lithium project acquisition will give China’s battery cathode material producer Lopal Tech another upstream position in Western Australia’s lithium sector. The company has agreed to acquire the Marble Bar project from Global Lithium Resources for A$14.85mn.

The Lopal Marble Bar lithium project is located in the Pilbara region of Western Australia. The project has an estimated resource of 18mn t grading 1.0% lithium oxide.

The Lopal Marble Bar lithium project deal reflects a continuing push by Chinese battery material producers to secure upstream lithium resources. Cathode and battery material companies are looking beyond processing capacity and moving closer to mine supply.

This matters because lithium raw material security remains central to battery supply chains. Even as lithium prices fluctuate, companies with long-term access to spodumene resources can better protect conversion plants, cathode output and customer supply.

Marble Bar Adds Pilbara Resource Exposure

The Marble Bar project gives Lopal direct exposure to a known lithium-bearing region. Western Australia remains one of the world’s most important hard-rock lithium supply bases, with spodumene projects feeding converters and battery material producers across Asia.

The project’s 18mn t resource at 1.0% lithium oxide gives Lopal a potential raw material position, although the acquisition price suggests the asset is still at an early development stage.

For Global Lithium Resources, the sale allows the company to focus more heavily on its larger Manna lithium project. Manna has a resource estimate of 52mn t grading 1.0% lithium oxide.

This creates a clearer portfolio structure. Lopal gains Marble Bar, while GL1 retains its larger Manna asset and existing downstream-linked partnerships.

The transaction also shows that Chinese battery material producers remain willing to invest in Australian lithium assets despite market volatility. Long-term supply security continues to matter more than short-term price weakness.

Manna Links Lopal to Future Offtake Supply

Lopal already has exposure to GL1 through the Manna project. It holds a 5% equity interest in Manna and has signed an offtake agreement to buy 40% of the project’s output.

China’s Canmax has agreed to take another 30% of Manna’s output and also holds a 9.45% stake in GL1. Australian lithium miner Mineral Resources owns 9.85% of GL1.

These relationships show how lithium supply chains are being structured around equity stakes and offtake agreements. Battery material companies want secured feedstock before projects enter production.

For Lopal, the Marble Bar acquisition adds another layer to its Australian lithium strategy. It gives the company project ownership while maintaining future offtake exposure through Manna.

The broader industrial meaning is clear. Chinese battery material producers are not relying only on spot markets. They are building upstream positions, offtake rights and strategic relationships to support long-term lithium chemical and cathode material supply.

The Metalnomist Commentary

Lopal’s Marble Bar deal shows that lithium strategy is shifting from price speculation to resource control. Even in a weaker lithium market, Chinese battery material companies continue to secure upstream positions that can support future conversion and cathode supply.

US Tariffs May Spur Argentina Lithium Salts Production

US Tariffs

Tariff Exemptions Favor Lithium Raw Materials, Not Finished Batteries

The US has exempted lithium carbonate and lithium hydroxide from its newly announced tariffs, creating a possible boon for Argentina's lithium sector. While raw lithium salts escape extra duties, finished battery imports face steep tariffs: 64.9% for China, 24% for Japan, and 25% for South Korea.

This disparity aligns with US efforts to localize battery manufacturing, a movement accelerated by the Inflation Reduction Act under President Biden. With at least 10 new battery factories coming online in the US this year, the demand for lithium raw materials is surging.

Argentina’s Brine Lithium May Fill the US Supply Gap

The US faces a bottleneck in domestic lithium production and processing. Currently, Albemarle’s Silver Peak mine is the only active operation, producing just 5,000t/yr of technical-grade lithium carbonate, which lacks the purity needed for EV batteries.

As a result, the US will increasingly depend on lithium imports, especially battery-grade salts. Argentina, with its low-cost brine operations, may become a preferred supplier if its projects can consistently meet battery-grade specifications.

Brine operations, while slower to ramp up than hard-rock mining, are cheaper to operate and typically more cost-competitive over time. Argentina also offers a low 3% royalty tax, compared to Chile's 40% ceiling, enhancing its competitiveness.

Global Lithium Supply Chains May Shift Toward South America

Countries like Australia and Brazil, which mine spodumene, rely heavily on China for conversion, placing them in a higher tariff category. These spodumene-dependent nations now face at least 20% US tariffs due to their reliance on Chinese refining infrastructure.

Meanwhile, Argentina’s direct-to-battery-grade production strategy may give it an edge.

“All of Argentina’s lithium projects go to battery grade,” said Daniel Gonzalez, Argentina’s vice-minister of energy and mining.

If Argentina proves its capability at scale, the country could secure a dominant role in North America's clean energy transition, especially as the US reorients trade relationships in critical minerals.

The Metalnomist Commentary

With tariffs redrawing global battery supply lines, Argentina’s brine-based lithium sector is now a strategic wildcard. If proven at scale, it could shift market share away from spodumene producers tied to China—and bring Latin America deeper into the heart of US industrial planning.

PLS Ngungaju Lithium Plant Restart Signals Stronger Confidence in Spodumene Demand

PLS

PLS Ngungaju lithium plant restart marks a notable shift in sentiment across the lithium sector. PLS said it will restart the Ngungaju processing plant at Pilgangoora in Western Australia, with production resuming in July. The plant has capacity of 200,000 t/yr of spodumene concentrate. As a result, PLS Ngungaju lithium plant restart suggests the company sees stronger customer demand and firmer lithium market conditions ahead.

This move matters because producers do not restart idled capacity lightly. PLS directly linked the decision to sustained improvement in market conditions and customer demand. That makes the restart more than a technical update. Therefore, PLS Ngungaju lithium plant restart is a commercial signal that parts of the lithium market are stabilizing.

Pilgangoora already holds strategic importance in the global spodumene trade. Adding Ngungaju output back into the system strengthens PLS’s ability to respond to improving demand. Meanwhile, the restart also gives the market a clearer sign that producers are becoming more confident in near-term offtake conditions.

Pilgangoora Spodumene Expansion Adds a Bigger Growth Layer

Pilgangoora spodumene expansion is the larger strategic story behind the restart. PLS is also studying an increase in total Pilgangoora capacity to around 2mn t/yr of spodumene. That shows the company is not only restarting existing capacity. It is also thinking about the next scale phase.

This matters because future lithium supply will depend on projects that can grow efficiently from an established base. Pilgangoora already has operating infrastructure and market relevance. Therefore, Pilgangoora spodumene expansion could become one of the more important medium-term supply growth stories in Australian lithium.

The combination of restart and expansion study sends a stronger message than either move alone. A restart suggests near-term confidence. A capacity study suggests longer-term ambition. As a result, PLS is positioning Pilgangoora as both a recovery asset and a future growth platform.

Lithium Refining Strategy Now Moves Closer to PLS Control

Lithium refining strategy is also becoming more central to the company’s direction. PLS agreed to take full ownership of a demonstration refining plant from Calix. That facility is designed to produce more than 3,000 t/yr of concentrated lithium-phosphate salt from about 27,000 t/yr of spodumene feed. Consequently, PLS is moving further downstream as well as restoring mining and processing capacity.

This step matters because lithium producers increasingly want more control over value-added conversion, not only concentrate supply. Full ownership of the demonstration plant gives PLS greater freedom in how it develops its refining path. Therefore, lithium refining strategy is becoming a more meaningful part of the company’s wider portfolio.

The broader implication is clear. PLS is strengthening both upstream and downstream options at the same time. That creates more flexibility if lithium demand continues to recover. Meanwhile, it gives the company more strategic depth than a pure spodumene producer.

The Metalnomist Commentary

This restart matters because it suggests the lithium market is moving from defense toward selective reactivation. The more interesting signal is that PLS is pairing renewed spodumene output with greater refining control. That combination could make Pilgangoora one of the clearer recovery stories in the sector.

Chevron Joins the US Lithium Hunt

Chevron US lithium

Oil Majors Target Lithium in Smackover Formation

Chevron has officially entered the US lithium sector, joining ExxonMobil and Equinor in exploring lithium-rich brines in the Smackover formation. The oil giant acquired about 125,000 net acres in northeast Texas and southwest Arkansas, where high lithium content in briny groundwater has already attracted major interest.

The company plans to leverage its subsurface expertise to extract lithium from brine, aiming for lower costs and reduced environmental impact compared with hard rock mining or evaporation ponds. Chevron says this effort aligns with its broader strategy to support US energy leadership and build resilient domestic lithium supply chains.

Expanding Lithium Supply Amid Energy Transition

Chevron’s move mirrors a growing trend of oil companies pivoting toward critical minerals to secure positions in the energy transition. Smackover Lithium, a joint venture between Standard Lithium and Equinor, has already announced plans to produce 22,500 t/yr of lithium carbonate by 2028. Meanwhile, ExxonMobil signed a deal in November 2024 to supply up to 100,000 t of lithium carbonate to South Korea’s LG Chem, also sourced from the Smackover formation.

As demand for EV batteries accelerates, the region could become a cornerstone of the US lithium industry. Chevron’s participation underscores the convergence of oil and mining sectors, with traditional hydrocarbon firms now competing in battery materials.

Strategic Implications for US Lithium Supply

Chevron’s lithium strategy emphasizes domestic production to reduce reliance on imports and strengthen critical mineral supply chains. By applying oilfield brine extraction techniques, the company hopes to commercialize lithium with fewer environmental trade-offs.

Industry analysts believe oil companies could soon rival established lithium producers. As independent analyst Joe Lowry noted, “By early next decade, big oil and big mining will replace the likes of Albemarle at the top of the lithium world.”

The Metalnomist Commentary

Chevron’s entry into the lithium market highlights a strategic realignment of oil majors toward critical minerals. The Smackover formation is fast becoming a global lithium hotspot, and Chevron’s move strengthens US ambitions for secure, domestic supply. If successful, this strategy could reshape the balance of power in the lithium industry, positioning oil giants as major players in the battery supply chain.

Prairie Lithium Project Receives Saskatchewan's First Commercial Production Approval

Arizona Lithium

Prairie Lithium Project achieved a historic milestone by securing Phase 1 production approval from Saskatchewan's Ministry of Energy and Resource. Arizona Lithium's Prairie Lithium Project represents Saskatchewan's inaugural lithium brine operation to reach commercial authorization, establishing the 390,000-acre facility as a pioneer in North America's direct lithium extraction sector.

Direct Lithium Extraction Technology Powers Commercial Operations

Prairie Lithium Project utilizes advanced direct lithium extraction (DLE) technology to produce 150 metric tonnes annually of lithium carbonate equivalent (LCE). The commercial-scale DLE unit extracts lithium from underground brine deposits located approximately 2.3 kilometers below surface in Saskatchewan's Williston Basin. This innovative approach eliminates traditional evaporation pond requirements while significantly reducing environmental footprint.

Meanwhile, Arizona Lithium enhanced the project's resource profile with indicated resources increasing to 4.6 million tonnes LCE from 4.5 million tonnes. Producible capacity expanded dramatically by 120% to 17,000 tonnes per year LCE, demonstrating substantial scalability beyond initial Phase 1 operations. The resource upgrade reinforces the project's long-term commercial viability.

Williston Basin Location Provides Strategic Advantages

However, the Prairie Lithium Project benefits from its strategic position within Saskatchewan's established Williston Basin infrastructure. This region's historical oil and gas development provides essential advantages including transportation networks, skilled workforce availability, and regulatory expertise in subsurface resource extraction. The existing industrial base significantly reduces development costs and accelerates implementation timelines.

Therefore, the project's location leverages decades of hydrocarbon industry infrastructure investment while transitioning toward critical minerals production. Saskatchewan's stable regulatory environment and established permitting processes facilitated the milestone approval, demonstrating provincial commitment to diversifying the resource economy beyond traditional energy sectors.

North American Lithium Supply Chain Implications

Furthermore, the production approval addresses growing automotive industry demand for secure North American lithium sources. Electric vehicle manufacturers increasingly seek supply chain diversification away from geopolitically sensitive regions while ensuring reliable battery materials access. The Prairie Lithium Project contributes to this strategic objective through domestic Canadian production capacity.

As a result, Saskatchewan's entry into commercial lithium production could catalyze additional development across the broader Williston Basin region. The regulatory pathway established through Arizona Lithium's approval provides a template for other developers pursuing similar brine-based extraction projects throughout North America's emerging lithium corridors.

The Metalnomist Commentary

The Prairie Lithium Project's production approval marks a transformative moment for North American critical minerals supply chain development, showcasing how direct lithium extraction can unlock previously inaccessible brine resources in established industrial basins. Saskatchewan's emergence as a lithium producer leverages existing infrastructure while positioning Canada as a strategic battery materials supplier for the continental electric vehicle transition.

US Targets 1 Million Tons of Lithium Production by 2035, Says DoE

Department of Energy (DOE)

The US Department of Energy (DoE) projects that the country could produce 1 million metric tons (t) of battery-grade lithium by 2035. This output would be sufficient to meet domestic demand while allowing for exports to trading partners.

Scaling Up Domestic Lithium Production

The DoE's Loan Programs Office Director, Jigar Shah, emphasized the need to expand lithium extraction, processing, and recycling to support the growing lithium-ion battery industry. He noted that diverse lithium resources across multiple US regions could be unlocked using advanced technology and infrastructure investments.

The US plans to increase lithium supply through three key sources:

• Spodumene deposits in Charlotte, North Carolina, expected to produce 100,000-150,000 t/yr of lithium carbonate equivalent (LCE).
• Albemarle’s Kings Mountain mine is one of the most advanced spodumene projects, projected to yield 50,000 t/yr of LCE.

• Brine and clay resources in Nevada, California's Imperial Valley, and the Arkansas Smackover Formation, estimated to contribute 500,000-1 million t/yr of LCE.
• These resources have lower lithium concentrations than South American reserves, but direct lithium extraction (DLE) technology can help process them efficiently.
• Recycling of end-of-life EV batteries, which could reduce the need for new lithium extraction, supplying 50,000-100,000 t/yr of LCE by 2035.

Government Investment in Lithium Infrastructure

The Biden administration has significantly increased investments in US lithium production to accelerate the clean energy transition.

In September 2024, the DoE selected 25 projects across 14 states, committing over $3 billion to expand domestic lithium supply. Additionally, the Thacker Pass lithium project in Nevada, operated by Lithium Americas, received a $2.3 billion loan to build a 40,000 t/yr lithium carbonate facility.

In December 2024, the DoE also allocated $17 million to 14 critical mineral technology projects, reinforcing efforts to scale up lithium production.

Lithium’s Role in the US Energy Transition

According to the US Geological Survey, the US has 1.1 million tons of lithium reserves, compared to a global total of 28 million tons.

Shah highlighted that advancements in direct lithium extraction (DLE) could rapidly unlock large lithium resources, much like hydraulic fracturing transformed the oil and gas industry.

With global lithium demand rising, the US is positioning itself as a key player in the lithium supply chain, reducing dependence on foreign imports and strengthening the clean energy sector.

E3 Lithium and Pure Lithium Collaborate to Revolutionize Lithium Metal Battery Production

E3 Lithium

Canadian lithium developer E3 Lithium and innovative battery manufacturer Pure Lithium have signed an agreement to push the boundaries of lithium metal battery production. The two companies will design a lithium metal anode and battery pilot plant near Calgary, Alberta, leveraging lithium concentrate produced by E3.

Simplifying Lithium Battery Production

The partnership aims to evaluate the technical and economic feasibility of a full-scale lithium metal battery facility located adjacent to lithium production sites in Alberta. By merging Pure Lithium’s brine-to-battery technology with E3’s lithium brines and concentrate production, the collaboration seeks to eliminate the need for a lithium salt intermediary, streamlining the battery production process.

The companies have been working together since mid-2022, achieving a major milestone when Pure Lithium produced a lithium metal battery using E3’s lithium concentrate.

A Vision for Vertical Integration

Once the pilot project is complete, the facility is expected to produce 200kg of lithium metal anodes for lithium metal vanadium rechargeable batteries. If successful, this collaboration could lead to the development of the world’s first vertically integrated lithium metal battery technology, a groundbreaking achievement in the energy storage sector.

Driving Innovation in Alberta

This partnership could position Alberta as a hub for sustainable lithium battery production, with implications for the global battery market. As demand for high-performance batteries rises, this innovative approach could significantly impact the future of energy storage solutions.

Lithium Prices to Bottom Out in 2025 as Supply Growth Slows

Lithium

Lithium Prices Decline Sharply from 2022 Highs

The global lithium market is set for a critical shift in 2025 as price declines trigger supply reductions and stronger demand emerges. Market analysts predict that lithium prices will bottom out in 2025, driven by slower supply growth and recovering downstream sectors.

As of January 20, 2024, Chinese domestic prices for 99.5% grade lithium carbonate—a key raw material for electric vehicle (EV) batteries—were assessed at ¥77,500–78,500 per ton ($10,594–10,731 per ton) ex-works. This represents an 86% drop from the all-time high of ¥561,000–576,000 per ton in November 2022. The sustained price downturn has already forced some lithium producers to cut or halt production. Analysts forecast that Chinese lithium carbonate prices will stabilize between ¥70,000–100,000 per ton by the end of 2025 if supply constraints persist.

Strengthening Demand to Support Lithium Prices

Despite the recent price slump, global lithium demand is expected to grow significantly across multiple industries in 2024 and beyond. China, the world’s largest battery producer, reported a 42% increase in newly installed power battery volumes, reaching 548.4 GWh in 2024. Notably, lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries dominated the sector, accounting for 74.6% of total production.

China's LFP battery material production also surged, reaching 2.3 million tons in 2024, marking a 53% year-on-year increase. Industry participants expect output to expand further to 3–3.5 million tons in 2025, reinforcing China’s dominant role in the global lithium-ion battery supply chain.

EV and AI Growth to Drive Lithium Consumption

The electric vehicle (EV) market remains a key catalyst for lithium demand. China’s new energy vehicle (NEV) sales are projected to exceed 16 million units by 2025, fueled by continued government incentives and policy support.

Beyond EVs, the consumer electronics sector is also contributing to rising lithium demand. Global smartphone shipments increased by 6.4% to 1.24 billion units in 2024, according to market research firm International Data Corporation (IDC). IDC forecasts that smartphone sales will maintain an upward trajectory in 2025, particularly as artificial intelligence (AI) smartphone shipments surged to 170 million units in 2024, more than double the previous year’s total.

Outlook: Market Balancing Expected in 2025

While lithium prices have declined significantly since late 2022, supply-side contractions and robust demand growth across EVs, battery storage, and AI-driven devices will likely stabilize the market. Analysts anticipate a price floor in 2025, marking a potential recovery phase for lithium producers and investors.

Rio Tinto Argentina Lithium Incentives Expand Fenix Growth Plan

Rio Tinto Argentina Lithium

Rio Tinto Argentina lithium incentives have strengthened again after Argentina approved the company’s $530 million expansion of the Fenix lithium project under its large-investment incentive regime. The approval marks Rio Tinto’s second lithium project accepted under Rigi, reinforcing Argentina’s role in the group’s battery materials strategy.

The Fenix expansion is expected to add 9,500 t/yr of lithium carbonate equivalent production capacity. Once completed, total output from the project is expected to reach around 41,500 t/yr.

Rio Tinto Argentina lithium incentives also support the company’s broader target to produce 200,000 t/yr of lithium carbonate equivalent by 2028. Most of that output is expected to come from Argentina, where Rio Tinto significantly expanded its position through the acquisition of Arcadium Lithium assets.

Fenix Expansion Adds Capacity to a Long-Running Lithium Asset

The Fenix project has operated in Catamarca province since 1997 and currently has nameplate capacity of 32,000 t/yr. The approved expansion adds new production to an established asset, reducing some of the execution risk compared with a fully greenfield project.

Argentina’s economy minister Luis Caputo said the new build would add $165 million to Fenix’s annual revenue from lithium carbonate equivalent sales. This gives the expansion clear commercial weight at a time when lithium producers are prioritising scale, cost control, and project discipline.

The approval also follows Rio Tinto’s earlier Rigi acceptance for Rincon. That $2.7 billion project is designed for 60,000 t/yr of lithium output and is expected to become the company’s future flagship lithium operation in Argentina.

Rigi Gives Argentina a Stronger Lithium Investment Platform

Rigi has become a central part of Argentina’s strategy to attract large-scale mining investment. The regime grants exemptions from value-added and import-export taxes, offers legal protections, and guarantees 30 years of regulatory stability.

That stability is especially important in lithium, where projects require large capital commitments, long permitting timelines, and confidence in tax and export rules. For Rio Tinto, Rigi helped support the investment case for deeper exposure to Argentina’s lithium sector.

The company’s former chief executive Jakob Stausholm said Rigi was one of the main reasons behind his confidence in acquiring Arcadium Lithium’s Argentine assets. That shows how fiscal and legal stability can directly influence global mining capital allocation.

The Metalnomist Commentary

Argentina is using Rigi to convert lithium resource potential into project commitments from major global miners. Rio Tinto’s second approval shows that policy stability can become as important as geology when battery metal producers decide where to invest.

Lithium Energy Secures Approval for Solaroz Lithium Brine Project

Solaroz

Green Light for Development of Argentina’s Solaroz Lithium Concessions with CNGR's Partnership

Lithium Energy, an Australian battery minerals company, has successfully secured regulatory approval for its Solaroz lithium brine project in Argentina. This marks a crucial step forward in the company’s strategic plans, including advancing its sales agreement with China's leading battery materials producer, CNGR.

A Major Milestone for the Solaroz Project

The approval, granted through the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), allows Lithium Energy and CNGR to jointly explore and develop all of the Solaroz lithium brine concessions. CNGR will be responsible for funding local operations as well as future development phases. This collaboration sets the stage for the project’s growth, as it moves closer to fulfilling its potential to supply lithium for the growing electric vehicle (EV) and battery industries.

In April 2024, CNGR agreed to purchase 90% of the Solaroz project for $63 million, highlighting the importance of the deal for both parties. Lithium Energy shares the lithium rights in the Olaroz Salar basin with Arcadium Lithium, with the project subject to an acquisition by Rio Tinto and Lithium Argentina.

Advancing Lithium Production with Direct Lithium Extraction Technology

To maximize the value of the Solaroz project, Lithium Energy is also exploring innovative Direct Lithium Extraction (DLE) technology. The company has partnered with China’s Xi’an Lanshen, a specialty resin producer, to develop this technology. Lanshen will also build a battery-grade lithium plant onsite with a capacity of 3,000 metric tonnes per year of lithium carbonate. This move aligns with global trends to streamline lithium production and ensure the sustainability of the critical material needed for the EV sector.

With the approval in place and a solid partnership with CNGR, Lithium Energy is poised to contribute to the global lithium supply chain and meet the rising demand for battery materials.

Lithium Chile Sells 80% Stake in Arizaro Lithium Project for $180 Million

Arizaro

Lithium Chile, a Canada-based lithium mining company, has agreed to sell its 80% stake in the Arizaro lithium project in Argentina for $180 million. The deal, announced on Thursday, involves a binding letter of intent with a large Asian company operating in mining, renewable energy, and technology sectors. However, Lithium Chile has not disclosed the buyer’s identity.

The Arizaro lithium project, located in Salta province, is a key lithium asset with an estimated 4.12 million metric tonnes (mt) of lithium carbonate equivalent (LCE) and a projected 20-year mine life, according to Lithium Chile's official reports.

Regulatory Approvals Pending

The sale is still subject to government and regulatory approvals, which must be finalized before the transaction is completed. The project is managed through Geo Inversiones Mineras, Lithium Chile’s Argentinian subsidiary.

Lithium Chile operates 11 properties covering over 100,000 hectares (ha) in Chile and approximately 30,000 ha in Argentina, positioning it as a major player in South America’s lithium market.

Strategic Position in the Lithium Triangle

The Arizaro salt flat is part of Argentina’s growing lithium industry, which is crucial to the "lithium triangle", a region comprising Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile that holds approximately 60% of the world’s lithium resources.

The sale of this key lithium asset underscores increasing Asian investment in South America's lithium sector, as demand for battery metals continues to rise in response to global EV market growth.

Zimbabwe to Ban Lithium Concentrate Exports from 2027

Zimbabwe lithium Mining

Government Push for Domestic Processing

Zimbabwe will impose a ban on lithium concentrate exports starting 1 January 2027, according to mines minister Winston Chitando. The policy follows a 2022 ban on raw ore exports and seeks to encourage investment in local processing facilities and battery material plants. Zimbabwe holds Africa’s largest lithium reserves, with Chinese firms already dominating its mining sector.

Two new plants, backed by Sinomine and Zhejiang Huayou Cobalt, are under construction and expected to begin operations in 2027. These facilities will produce lithium sulphate, a key intermediate that can be refined into battery-grade lithium hydroxide or lithium carbonate.

Chinese Investment and Global Market Implications

Chinese companies remain committed to Zimbabwe’s lithium sector despite lithium prices falling nearly 90% since 2022. This long-term strategy reflects Beijing’s broader effort to secure critical minerals for its electric vehicle and energy storage industries. The upcoming export ban will strengthen Zimbabwe’s role in global lithium supply chains by shifting the country toward value-added production.

Zimbabwe’s policy aligns with a growing African trend of restricting raw mineral exports to promote domestic industrialization. For instance, Gabon recently announced a manganese ore export ban from 2029, while Guinea, Mali, Tanzania, and the DRC have implemented similar measures for bauxite, gold, and cobalt.

Strategic Positioning in the Global Battery Market

By enforcing the lithium concentrate export ban, Zimbabwe is positioning itself as a future hub for processed battery materials rather than a raw material supplier. This policy could attract further downstream investment while also reshaping trade flows, especially for EV and renewable energy supply chains. However, success will depend on whether domestic refining capacity can keep pace with rising demand.

The Metalnomist Commentary

Zimbabwe’s lithium export ban signals a decisive shift toward resource nationalism and value-added production. For global supply chains, this move underscores Africa’s emerging role in shaping critical mineral strategies. Investors and downstream users must adapt to a future where raw materials are less available, but refined products become central to supply security.

US Tariffs Could Boost Argentina’s Lithium Salts Production

Argentina Lithium

New Tariff Policies May Propel Argentina to the Forefront of Battery Materials Supply

US President Donald Trump’s new tariff measures, announced this week, could significantly impact the global lithium market. While many energy and mineral products, including lithium carbonate and lithium hydroxide, are exempt from new tariffs, the shift towards more localized battery production in the US could create new opportunities for Argentina's lithium sector. Argentina, with its lower-cost brine assets, could become a key player in the production of battery-grade lithium salts.

Shift in Global Battery Manufacturing and Tariffs Impact

Trump's recent tariff policy introduced significant duties on completed batteries from China, Japan, and South Korea. These duties are likely to accelerate the trend of localizing battery production in the US. Under the Inflation Reduction Act of former President Joe Biden’s administration, the US has already seen a shift toward local manufacturing, with major battery manufacturers like Panasonic, Samsung SDI, Ford, and Toyota planning to open around 10 new battery factories this year.

However, with a lack of domestic mining and processing capacity in the US, the country will increasingly rely on imports for raw materials to meet the demand for battery production. The US currently has only one operating lithium mine, Albemarle's Silver Peak mine in Nevada. Despite producing lithium carbonate and hydroxide, this mine cannot meet the higher purity standards required for battery-grade products needed in electric vehicles (EVs).

Argentina’s Competitive Edge in Lithium Salts Production

Argentina stands out due to its potential to produce high-quality, cost-competitive lithium salts. Brine operations in Argentina are expected to be more efficient and less costly than other South American and spodumene-producing countries. Although brine facilities require higher initial capital costs, their ongoing operational costs are lower than spodumene-based assets, making them an attractive option for global supply chains.

Argentina’s competitive advantage is further strengthened by its 3% royalty tax on lithium mining, compared to the 40% ceiling in Chile, which has a more developed lithium industry. Despite facing a 10% import tariff by the US, Argentina is well-positioned to expand its lithium production to meet the growing demand from battery factories in the US. According to Argentina’s Vice Minister of Energy and Mining, Daniel Gonzalez, "All of Argentina's lithium projects go to battery grade," signaling the country's commitment to producing high-purity lithium products.

While countries like Australia, Brazil, and some African nations rely on China for lithium processing, Argentina's direct production of battery-grade lithium offers it a strategic advantage in the global market.

Mt Marion Lithium Expansion Advances as MinRes and Ganfeng Lift Spodumene Supply

Mineral Resources

Mt Marion lithium expansion is moving ahead after Mineral Resources and Jiangxi Ganfeng Lithium reached a final investment decision on a A$490mn upgrade at the Western Australian mine. The project will raise 6% spodumene concentrate output from 500,000 t/yr to 600,000 t/yr.

Mt Marion lithium expansion reflects renewed confidence in spodumene markets after a period of stronger pricing, Chinese demand and supply disruption from Zimbabwean export controls. The decision also reinforces Australia’s role as a core lithium feedstock supplier to global battery material chains.

Mt Marion lithium expansion includes A$220mn for underground mine development, A$240mn for a flotation plant and A$30mn for non-processing infrastructure. Construction is scheduled to begin in July-September.

The partners expect to commission the mine within 12 months of construction starting, with production ramp-up over the following six months. That timeline makes Mt Marion an important near-term growth project in the Australian hard-rock lithium sector.

Underground Mining Extends Mine Life and Feed Flexibility

The underground mine will supplement ore from the existing open pit and contribute up to 40% of processing feed. This will extend Mt Marion’s remaining mine life by six years beyond the previous estimate of 10 years.

That is strategically important because mine life extension improves supply visibility for customers and investors. Battery chemical producers need stable spodumene feedstock to support long-term lithium hydroxide and lithium carbonate production.

The underground development also gives MinRes and Ganfeng more operational flexibility. Combining open-pit and underground ore can support feed blending, grade control and continuity as the mine matures.

The project will cause minimal disruption to existing operations, according to the company. That matters because the mine is already a major producing asset and any downtime could affect near-term shipments.

Mt Marion is also backed by a strong downstream partner. Ganfeng is one of China’s leading lithium companies, giving the project a direct link to one of the world’s largest battery materials markets.

Flotation Plant Targets Higher-Grade Product Mix

The new flotation plant will remove SC3.5 product from MinRes’ mix and deliver a minimum SC5 grade product. This is a key upgrade because higher-grade concentrate can improve processing efficiency for downstream converters.

SC6 remains the benchmark product for hard-rock lithium supply. Increasing SC6 output to 600,000 t/yr gives Mt Marion stronger exposure to higher-value concentrate markets.

The investment economics are highly sensitive to price. At an assumed SC6 price of $2,700/t, MinRes expects the expansion payback period to be less than one year.

Spodumene prices have risen in recent months, supported by Zimbabwe’s lithium concentrate export controls and strong Chinese demand. The latest Australian SC6 assessment was $2,661/t on 19 May, down from $2,811/t a week earlier but still elevated enough to support renewed investment.

MinRes also cited higher lithium prices as a reason for restarting operations at its Bald Hill mine in Western Australia. Together, these moves suggest producers are again positioning for stronger lithium feedstock demand.

The broader lithium market remains volatile, but the Mt Marion decision shows that high-quality Australian assets can still attract capital when pricing, partners and mine-life extension align.

The Metalnomist Commentary

Mt Marion’s expansion shows that lithium investment is returning first to established, scalable assets with strong downstream links. The key lesson is that the next lithium cycle will reward producers that can improve grade, extend mine life and secure reliable routes into China’s battery supply chain.

Atlantic Lithium Reviews Terms for Ewoyaa Lithium Project in Ghana

Atlantic Lithium

The Ewoyaa Lithium Project Ghana is under fiscal review as Atlantic Lithium renegotiates terms with the Ghanaian government. Lithium prices have dropped sharply since the project's mining lease was granted in October 2023. As a result, Atlantic Lithium is seeking to realign fiscal terms to ensure project viability and stakeholder value.

Declining Prices Prompt Fiscal Talks

Atlantic Lithium and the Ghanaian government are discussing adjustments to the fiscal framework. Currently, Ghana holds a 13% free-carried interest and applies a 10% royalty on production. The project, with 36.8mn tonnes of resources grading 1.24% lithium oxide, was based on a spodumene price of $1,410/t. However, spot prices have since declined, impacting economic forecasts for the Ewoyaa Lithium Project Ghana.

The project is a joint venture among Atlantic Lithium and Piedmont Lithium, each holding 40.5%, while Ghana’s government and the Minerals Income Investment Fund own the remainder. Executive chairman Neil Herbert expressed confidence that stakeholder collaboration and prudent adjustments will move the project forward despite market challenges.

Long-Term Strategic Importance

The Ewoyaa Lithium Project Ghana remains strategically important for West Africa’s emerging battery metal supply chain. While price volatility introduces risk, the project's resource size and infrastructure readiness offer long-term upside. Fiscal stability and competitive terms will be critical to achieving production milestones and attracting future investment in Ghana’s lithium sector.

The Metalnomist Commentary

Ghana’s openness to renegotiating fiscal terms reflects a pragmatic approach in response to falling lithium prices. Successful resolution could position the Ewoyaa project as a cornerstone of Africa’s lithium supply chain strategy.

Argentina Lithium Feedstock Factory Could Cut Costs and Strengthen Local Supply

Argentina Lithium

The Argentina lithium feedstock factory could change the country’s cost structure for lithium brine processing. Tsingshan is preparing to open the plant in Jujuy. The site will produce soda ash and hydrochloric acid locally. As a result, the Argentina lithium feedstock factory could reduce import dependence across the highland lithium sector.

The project matters because reagents are central to lithium brine processing economics. Producers in Argentina still import most chemical inputs. That raises logistics costs and delays deliveries to remote operations. Therefore, local chemical supply could improve both margins and reliability.

Tsingshan has upgraded the Perico facility since July 2023. The plant can produce up to 30,000 metric tonnes per year of soda ash. Hydrochloric acid capacity has not been disclosed. However, even partial local supply would ease pressure on upstream lithium projects.

Local Chemical Supply Could Lower Argentina Lithium Production Costs

Argentina lithium production costs remain structurally high versus Chile. Operators face difficult access routes and limited road infrastructure. That makes reagent transport more expensive. Consequently, Argentina’s operating costs are about 20 percent higher today.

Feedstock demand also shows the scale of the logistics burden. Around 4 tonnes of feedstock are needed for 1 tonne of lithium carbonate. One producer in Salta receives about 20 trucks per day. Therefore, every local tonne of reagent could reduce freight intensity.

The Argentina lithium feedstock factory could improve competitiveness without waiting for major mining expansion. Lower chemical costs would support existing producers first. It could also improve project economics for new entrants. Meanwhile, investors may view local input manufacturing as a positive signal for long-term industrialisation.

Tsingshan Argentina Expands Beyond Chemicals Into Resource Positioning

Tsingshan Argentina is not building only a support asset. The company has also partnered with Jujuy on a lithium project in the Olaroz salt flats. That creates vertical alignment between chemicals and extraction. As a result, Tsingshan could strengthen its position across the regional lithium value chain.

This approach reflects a broader shift in battery materials strategy. Companies increasingly want control over feedstocks, processing, and resource access. Argentina offers scale, but it still needs better industrial support systems. Therefore, reagent localisation may become a model for future investment.

For global supply chains, the message is clear. Lithium competitiveness does not depend only on geology. It also depends on chemicals, roads, and execution. The Argentina lithium feedstock factory highlights how midstream support can reshape upstream economics.

The Metalnomist Commentary

Argentina’s lithium challenge has never been only about resource quality. It has also been about cost inflation caused by imported inputs and weak infrastructure. If this plant performs well, local feedstock production could become one of the country’s most practical competitive advantages.

Novandino Lithium Investment Targets $3.5bn Expansion in Chile’s Atacama

Novandino

Novandino lithium investment plans could reshape Chile’s lithium supply outlook as the producer prepares to spend more than $3.5bn to expand output and extend operations at the Atacama salt lake until 2060.

Novandino lithium investment will focus on the Salar Futuro project, which is designed to take production, sustainability and community engagement to a higher level. The company is close to submitting the project’s environmental impact study.

Novandino lithium investment remains subject to environmental approval. That approval is essential because the company needs authorisation for its Atacama operations in northern Chile’s Antofagasta region to continue beyond 2030.

The company is a joint venture between Chile’s state copper miner Codelco and SQM. Its expansion is strategically important because Chile remains one of the world’s most important lithium producers, but new project approvals have moved slowly.

Salar Futuro Could Extend Atacama Output to 2060

Salar Futuro is central to Novandino’s long-term growth strategy. The project would support continued operations at the Atacama salt lake while lifting production and improving environmental performance.

The company expects to produce 270,000t of lithium carbonate equivalent in 2026. Output is then expected to rise to 300,000t in 2027-2028, compared with 233,000t last year.

That growth would strengthen Chile’s position in global lithium supply at a time when Argentina is expanding rapidly and challenging Chile’s regional leadership.

The environmental impact study will be the key near-term milestone. Without approval, the company cannot secure the long operating extension needed to justify the investment.

Chile’s lithium sector has enormous resource strength, but regulatory complexity has slowed new supply. Novandino’s ability to advance Salar Futuro will therefore be closely watched by battery makers, automakers and lithium chemical buyers.

Technology Mix Targets Higher Efficiency and Lower Water Use

Novandino plans to use a combination of next-generation technologies to improve production efficiency and sustainability. The company is considering membrane filtration, mechanical evaporation and direct lithium extraction.

This technology mix matters because Chile’s lithium expansion is increasingly tied to environmental and community expectations. Brine operations must show better water performance, lower ecological impact and stronger local engagement.

The company said its water intensity per unit of production has fallen by 75% since 2016. That improvement is strategically important in the Atacama, where water use remains one of the most sensitive issues for lithium development.

Direct lithium extraction could also become an important part of Chile’s future production model. However, DLE must be adapted to each brine chemistry, making execution, cost control and scale-up critical.

For Chile, the project is more than a company-level expansion. It is a test of whether the country can grow lithium supply while meeting stricter sustainability standards and maintaining state participation through Codelco.

For the battery supply chain, higher Atacama output would provide more lithium carbonate equivalent from an established producing region. But timing will depend on environmental approval, technology deployment and project execution.

The Metalnomist Commentary

Novandino’s $3.5bn plan shows that Chile still has the resource base to defend its lithium position. The real challenge is whether regulatory approval and new extraction technologies can move fast enough to keep pace with Argentina’s accelerating project pipeline.