EASA Certification of Comac C919 Could Take Up to Six Years, Delaying Global Expansion

Comac C919

European Approval for China’s Flagship Jet Hinges on Extended Evaluation Timeline

The EASA certification of Comac C919 will require between three and six years, according to the European Union Aviation Safety Agency. The announcement underscores the regulatory hurdles facing China’s flagship single-aisle jet, which is currently certified only by the Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC). Without EASA approval, Comac’s C919 remains restricted to domestic operations, limiting its global commercial ambitions.

International Components, Domestic Ambitions

The C919 incorporates key systems from global suppliers, including CFM International’s LEAP-1C engine, avionics from Honeywell, GE Aerospace, and Collins Aerospace, and structural parts from various European and American firms. Despite this reliance on international technologies, EASA insists that it must independently verify the aircraft’s integration and design before granting certification. Comac has been commended for its transparency and proactive engagement with regulators.

Certification Timeline Reflects Political and Technical Complexities

The extended timeline for EASA certification of Comac C919 reflects both technical scrutiny and geopolitical realities. Comac’s absence from the FAA certification process indicates a strategic focus on Europe as its primary overseas market. However, in a protectionist trade environment, market access remains uncertain. As Comac seeks to challenge Airbus and Boeing in international markets, regulatory acceptance becomes a critical barrier.

The Metalnomist Commentary

The EASA certification of Comac C919 will be a litmus test for China’s global aerospace ambitions. While technical hurdles are expected, geopolitical headwinds may ultimately shape how far Comac can go in Western markets.

China’s Comac Expands C919 Fleet with New Deliveries

Boosting Domestic and Global Market Presence

The Commercial Aircraft Corporation of China (Comac) has delivered its C919 airliner to Air China and China Southern Airlines, both of which placed orders for 100 C919s each in April. These deliveries, part of a gradual rollout scheduled from 2024 to 2031, mean that all three of China’s largest airlines now operate the C919.

Comac previously delivered the first C919 to China Eastern Airlines in March, which has since ordered an additional 100 units. The company also announced a new order from Tibet Airlines for 40 C919s at the 2024 Singapore Airshow. With over 900 orders in total, the C919's growing presence is expected to drive up demand for titanium mill products used in its construction. Each C919 aircraft utilizes 3.92 tons of titanium, and the aerospace sector accounts for over 25% of global titanium consumption.

Developed since 2008 and receiving certification in 2022, the C919 is now vying for approval in Europe to compete internationally against Boeing and Airbus.

China's C929 Wide-Body Aircraft Poised to Transform Global Aviation Market

Comac's C929

Advancements in Chinese Aerospace: Comac's C929 Wide-Body Airliner

The Chinese state-owned aerospace manufacturer, Commercial Aircraft Corporation of China (Comac), is making significant progress in the development of its C929 wide-body aircraft. This move comes hot on the heels of the successful launch of its C919 narrow-body passenger airliner in 2022, signaling a robust expansion in China's aviation capabilities.

The Rise of C929: A Competitor on the Global Stage

The C929 is designed to be a powerhouse in the wide-body segment, boasting approximately 280 seats and an impressive range of 12,000 km. It positions itself as a direct competitor to industry giants like the Airbus A330neo and Boeing 787 Dreamliner. Initially a joint venture under CRAIC, combining efforts of Comac and Russia's state-owned United Aircraft Corporation (UAC), Comac has since taken the helm to steer the development independently.

Today's announcement includes a significant framework agreement with China's flag carrier, Air China, which is expected to be the launch customer for the C929. This deal mirrors the earlier success of the C919 program, where Air China placed an order for 100 aircraft, indicating strong national support and confidence in Comac's aircraft lineup.

China's Strategic Aviation Ambitions

Comac's initiative to independently develop and market the C929 not only enhances its stature in the global aerospace industry but also underlines China's strategic ambitions to become a dominant player in the aviation market. With two C919s already operational and more on the way from 2024 to 2031, the future looks promising for Comac's influence in both domestic and international markets.

Titanium Exempt from New US Reciprocal Tariffs Amid Broader Aerospace Uncertainty

Titanium Ingot

Titanium Scrap and Alloys Dodge Latest Tariff Wave, but Market Unease Persists

Titanium and its derivatives, including scrap and ferro-titanium, were notably exempted from the latest round of US reciprocal tariffs announced on April 2. Annex II of President Donald Trump’s executive order outlined the list of exemptions, sparing various nonferrous metals, including titanium, from additional duties.

However, existing tariffs on titanium products remain unchanged. These include a 60% duty on Chinese titanium sponge and a 15% duty on unwrought titanium from Japan, Kazakhstan, and Saudi Arabia. While titanium scrap imports from the EU and UK are also exempt, pre-existing duties—such as the 20% tariff on Chinese titanium added in March—still apply.

Meanwhile, concerns linger about supply disruptions, particularly in vacuum-grade titanium scrap. The US depends heavily on EU and UK sources to meet demand for ingot melting in aerospace-grade production.

Aerospace Industry Caught in the Crossfire of Uncertain Trade Measures

The aerospace supply chain could still face ripple effects, especially concerning finished parts, components, and jet engines. Major OEMs such as Airbus, Boeing, and Rolls-Royce remain cautious, stating that they are assessing the impact of the new tariffs.

Jet engines like CFM’s Leap-1A and 1B, which power the Airbus A320neo and Boeing 737 Max, span a US-French supply chain, raising questions about the impact of cross-border tariffs on subcomponents. Landing gear systems produced by Safran for the Boeing 787 and turbine modules from GE in the US to France further complicate the situation.

While titanium producers currently report no impact on OEMs for titanium-based parts, the ambiguity surrounding composite materials and mixed-alloy components could lead to future disruptions.

China's Tariff Retaliation Raises Stakes for US Aerospace Exports

In response, China has imposed a 34% tariff on all US imports, with no exemptions, escalating the trade conflict. This will impact US titanium exports to China—totaling 1,300t in 2024—mainly in bars, rods, and wire, as well as aerospace components vital to Comac’s C919 jet program.

China’s C919 relies on US-sourced Leap-1C engines, avionics from Honeywell Aerospace, GE Aerospace, and Collins Aerospace, making it vulnerable to retaliatory tariffs.

Although China sources the majority of its titanium domestically, these duties highlight the fragile interdependence of global aerospace production.

The Metalnomist Commentary

Titanium’s tariff exemption provides momentary relief to US aerospace and scrap processors, but the real uncertainty lies in composite supply chains. As the US and China entrench their trade defenses, aerospace firms must prepare for further regulatory fragmentation. Strategic stockpiling, diversified sourcing, and diplomatic engagement will define resilience in the next phase of industrial policy shifts.

Titanium Exempted from US Tariffs: Aerospace Industry Impact Remains Unclear

Titanium

New US Tariff Exemptions for Titanium Could Affect the Aerospace Supply Chain

On April 2, 2025, US President Donald Trump announced new tariffs on several foreign imports, including an exemption for titanium, titanium scrap, and ferro-titanium. While the exemption helps protect titanium trade, the broader implications for the aerospace industry remain uncertain.

Titanium Exemption and Its Effects

The US tariffs announced include a list of exemptions, with titanium in its various forms being spared. However, other metals like hafnium, molybdenum, vanadium, nickel scrap, and aluminum scrap were not exempted. The new tariff scheme does not affect pre-existing duties on Chinese titanium products, including a 20% duty on titanium products from China, which has been in place since March 4, 2025. Despite the exemption for certain forms of titanium, Chinese titanium sponge imports will still be subject to a 60% duty, which remains unchanged.

Additionally, imports of unwrought titanium from Japan, Kazakhstan, and Saudi Arabia will still face a 15% tariff, though efforts to remove this tariff for sponge imports are underway. For US titanium scrap imports, particularly from the EU and UK, which make up over half of the US intake, the tariff exemption is crucial. Without it, US scrap dealers, processors, and consumers would face substantial challenges, as the US does not produce enough vacuum-grade titanium scrap domestically to meet demand.

Aerospace Industry and Supply Chain Impact

While the titanium exemption provides relief for many manufacturers, the broader impact of the tariffs on the aerospace industry is still unclear. Aerospace manufacturers are uncertain about the tariff's effects on finished parts, components, and engines, particularly regarding supply chains that involve cross-border production of engine parts like the Leap-1A and Leap-1B engines for the A320neo and Boeing 737 Max.

Canada and Mexico were excluded from the new US tariffs, alleviating concerns for companies like Bombardier, Airbus, RTX, and Heroux-Devtek, which operate in those regions. Still, some titanium producers believe the situation could change rapidly, as it is difficult to define the boundaries between parts made from titanium and assembled components that use other materials, such as nickel-based alloys or aluminum.

China’s 34% Tariff on US Exports

In response to US tariffs, China has imposed a 34% tariff on all US imports, which will affect titanium imports from the US. Despite importing limited amounts of titanium from the US, China still relies on US imports for critical aerospace components, including parts for its C919 aircraft. The C919 uses the CFM Leap-1C engine, which is assembled in both the US and France.

Safran Invests Over €1bn to Expand Engine MRO Network for Growing LEAP Fleet

Safran Aerosystem

Safran, the French aerospace giant, has announced a significant investment of over €1bn (approximately $1.08bn) to expand its maintenance, repair, and overhaul (MRO) network. This move comes in response to the growing demand for services related to the CFM LEAP narrowbody engine, which powers key aircraft such as the Airbus A320neo, Boeing 737 MAX, and COMAC C919.

The investment will enable Safran Aircraft Engines to handle up to 1,200 LEAP engine shop visits annually by 2028, reflecting the surge in demand for MRO services. The company plans to expand its global MRO capacity by constructing an additional 120,000m³ of industrial facilities worldwide. This expansion includes several new and upgraded sites:

• Belgium: A new facility launched earlier this year.
• Hyderabad, India: A new MRO site set to open in 2025.
• Queretaro, Mexico: A second MRO shop and test platform.
• Casablanca, Morocco: A new facility slated for 2026.
• Villaroche and Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, France: Expansions in 2025 and 2026, respectively.
• Rennes, France: A new turbine blade repair site.

CFM LEAP Engine and Industry Trends

The LEAP engine is a product of CFM International, a joint venture between Safran Aircraft Engines and GE Aerospace. It has become a crucial part of modern aviation, powering major narrowbody jets. The LEAP engine competes with Pratt & Whitney's PW1100G-JM and has been a key player in airline fleets worldwide.

The MRO services demand for LEAP engines has soared in recent years, as airlines have been forced to extend the life of existing aircraft due to supply chain challenges delaying the delivery of new aircraft. As a result, the CFM LEAP aftermarket services have become increasingly vital to keep these engines running efficiently.

In Q3 of 2024, CFM delivered 365 LEAP engines, though this was 24 fewer units compared to the previous year due to bottlenecks in the production of high-pressure turbine blades and a decline in demand from Boeing.

Strategic Moves by Competitors

Safran’s investment comes in a broader context of increased competition in the MRO sector. In July 2024, GE Aerospace, Safran's US partner, announced a $1bn investment in expanding its MRO capacity. Similarly, Rolls-Royce, a major engine manufacturer based in the UK, revealed a £55mn ($71mn) investment in its own engine services capacity in March 2024. This highlights the growing recognition of the critical role MRO services play in maintaining the efficiency of modern aircraft engines.

Titanium Imports from Russia Persist as Airbus Diversifies to US Supply

Titanium

China Surge and EU Dependence

Titanium imports from Russia continue in 2025 despite geopolitical pressure. China’s intake from Russia hit unprecedented levels. Imports reached 4,627t in January–June, more than triple 2024’s first half. Bars, rods, and shapes led the flow, followed by plate and sheet. However, less than a third stayed in China, according to estimates. Therefore, re-exports or indirect flows likely expanded. Europe’s OEMs still buy from VSMPO-Avisma while building alternatives. Meanwhile, the EU has not sanctioned VSMPO directly, preserving legal pathways.

Titanium imports from Russia also serve China’s aerospace and maritime supply chains. China still needs select external components for the C919 program. Medical implants and maritime uses also draw on Russian feedstock. Therefore, China’s vast domestic capability still has gaps. End-destinations remain hard to track through customs data. Tirus subsidiaries add complexity across the UK, Germany, the US, and China. As a result, compliance checks burden banks and Western buyers.

Airbus Diversifies and Closes the Loop

Titanium imports from Russia continue in Europe, but Airbus is hedging. France’s intake from Russia hit a record in 2024. First-half 2025 volumes rose 37% year on year. However, Airbus signed a five-year, $1bn ATI deal in May. The pact more than doubles ATI’s supply of plate, sheet, and billet. French imports from the US also reached a first-half record. Two-thirds were flat-rolled products, signaling procurement rebalancing.

Scrap loop initiatives strengthen strategic titanium independence. Airbus collected 460t of scrap in France by January 2025. EcoTitanium melts ingots with up to 75% scrap content. Ingots then feed Aubert & Duval for forged parts. Therefore, Airbus programs gain secure, lower-risk supply. Meanwhile, Premium AEROTEC scrap will enter a closed loop in Germany. This effort reduces prime sponge exposure and transport risks.

The Metalnomist Commentary

Airbus’s pivot to US flat-rolled supply marks a structural shift. Yet Europe still lacks large forgings and rolling capacity. Expect long lead times, higher capex, and tighter scrap control to shape titanium pricing.

China Aerospace-Grade Titanium Sponge Exports Set to Rise as OEMs Diversify Supply

China Aerospace-Grade Titanium Sponge

China aerospace-grade titanium sponge exports are expected to rise over the next five years as western aerospace supply chains look for additional qualified raw material sources. Chinese producer Chaoyang Jinda Titanium expects international shipments of qualified aerospace-grade sponge to increase from around 1,000t this year to 10,000t by 2030.

The shift reflects a deeper change in the aerospace titanium supply chain. Western aircraft manufacturers and ingot melters are trying to reduce exposure to Russian supply, while aircraft build rates are expected to rise from 2027.

China aerospace-grade titanium sponge is therefore moving from a limited export niche into a potential supply-chain balancing tool. However, tariffs, qualification risk and geopolitical uncertainty will limit how quickly US and European buyers adopt Chinese material.

The opportunity is strongest in standard-quality structural titanium grades. Premium-quality sponge for engine, landing-gear and other critical applications is likely to remain controlled by established suppliers with long qualification histories.

Western Aerospace Buyers Face a Supply-Diversification Challenge

Aerospace-grade sponge demand is expected to recover from 2027 after a weaker 2026 caused by inventory normalisation. Mills have been reducing stocks of semi-finished titanium parts and raw materials, but aircraft production plans point to higher requirements later in the decade.

The timing is important. Airbus and Boeing both carry long aircraft backlogs, creating a decade of production visibility. This forces mills and original equipment manufacturers to look beyond short-term demand swings and secure raw material sources for future build-rate increases.

Western OEMs also continue to reassess Russian titanium exposure. If procurement from Russia declines, the market will need alternative aerospace-qualified sponge to fill the gap. Japan’s Toho Titanium and Osaka Titanium are expanding, while China is preparing to supply more qualified material.

Global approved aerospace-grade sponge supply excluding Russian products is expected to rise from about 74,000t this year to around 91,000t by 2030. Demand is expected to grow at a similar pace, leaving the market sensitive to which suppliers are included in purchasing programmes.

The supply-demand picture changes significantly depending on China and Russia. Excluding both suppliers creates a tighter market. Including them creates more apparent supply availability. This makes qualification and geopolitical acceptability just as important as physical capacity.

Some US ingot producers began qualifying Chinese titanium sponge in 2024. US imports from China rose to a 10-year high of 1,069t that year, showing that buyers were willing to test Chinese material when diversification pressure increased.

However, imports fell to 155t last year and no Chinese sponge imports were reported in January-February 2026. Tariff volatility, high mill inventories and policy uncertainty discouraged further purchasing.

This shows the main barrier for China aerospace-grade titanium sponge. Aerospace qualification requires multi-year commitments, stable documentation, repeatable quality and customer confidence. Buyers will not qualify a new source quickly if they fear trade rules could change again.

Titanium is exempt from the latest 10% US tariff, and overall duties have fallen back to 40% from 60%. But the rate itself is not the only issue. For aerospace buyers, volatility can be more damaging than the actual tariff level.

A mill can absorb or price a known tariff. It cannot easily build a long-term qualification strategy around unpredictable policy. This is why US buyers may limit Chinese sponge procurement to 15-20% of requirements, even if the material is technically acceptable.

Europe and Asia-Pacific may offer more immediate export channels. China already supplies aerospace-grade sponge to buyers in those regions, supporting shipments even when US demand is limited.

Capacity Expansion Could Change the Titanium Sponge Balance

China is preparing a large wave of aerospace-grade sponge capacity additions. Several major projects are scheduled to come on line soon, with combined new capacity of around 110,000 t/yr.

The scale is unprecedented. The planned additions exceed the combined existing capacity of Japan’s Toho and Osaka Titanium, Kazakhstan’s Ust-Kamenogorsk Titanium and Magnesium Plant, and Saudi Arabia’s ATTM.

China’s expansion is driven by two demand streams. Domestic aerospace demand is rising from the Comac C919 programme and military aircraft production. At the same time, producers expect higher export demand as western OEMs diversify away from Russia.

China’s titanium mill product demand already has a meaningful aerospace base. Aerospace applications accounted for about 20% of China’s titanium mill product demand in 2025, or roughly 31,280t. The chemicals industry remained the largest segment at 48%.

The domestic base gives Chinese sponge producers a stronger platform for quality improvement. Aerospace production experience matters because sponge qualification depends on consistency over time, not only nameplate capacity.

Still, some market participants question whether all new capacity can secure international aerospace qualification. New lines may need years of operating history before western melters and OEMs accept material for aircraft applications.

This is a critical distinction. China may have large physical capacity, but aerospace supply depends on approved, audited and repeatable production. Capacity alone does not guarantee market access.

Price competitiveness may support adoption. Domestic China aerospace-grade sponge prices have recently held firm at 55,000-57,000 yuan/t ex-works because of cost pressure. That remains competitive against some western supply routes, especially if buyers need alternative non-Russian material.

However, qualification is likely to split the market by application. Standard structural titanium grades are more likely to accept Chinese sponge over time. These grades support airframes and less critical structural components where qualification remains strict but less restrictive than engine-grade applications.

Premium-quality sponge will be harder to penetrate. Engine, landing-gear and other demanding aerospace uses require deeper qualification, tighter chemistry control and stronger confidence from prime contractors and tier suppliers.

Airbus’ titanium demand outlook adds another layer. The A350 is a high titanium-bearing platform, with titanium representing around 15% of aircraft weight. As A350 production rises toward 2027 and 2028, titanium demand visibility should improve across the supply chain.

That demand pull could make Chinese material more attractive if western supply tightens. But buyers will still balance cost, qualification, geopolitics and supply security.

For Chinese producers, the path is clear but difficult. They must prove consistent aerospace-grade quality, build long-term customer trust, manage export documentation and navigate trade policy risk.

For western OEMs, the decision is strategic. China aerospace-grade titanium sponge could reduce Russia exposure and improve supply flexibility. But it also introduces another geopolitical dependency at a time when aerospace and defence supply chains are under closer scrutiny.

The most likely outcome is partial adoption. Chinese sponge may become a growing supplement for standard-quality structural grades, while established Japanese, Kazakh, Saudi and other qualified suppliers remain central to premium aerospace applications.

The Metalnomist Commentary

China aerospace-grade titanium sponge will become harder for western aerospace supply chains to ignore as aircraft build rates rise and Russian exposure narrows. The decisive issue is not capacity, but whether Chinese producers can convert new output into trusted, qualified and politically acceptable supply.